A critical study of the herbarium material representing the orchid genus Dactylorhiza Necker ex Nevski in Kazakhstan was conducted in 2019–2020. The information on the species composition was clarified. Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. hebridensis (Wilmott) Soó and D. × kerneri (Soó) Soó were identified for the first time in the country. New taxa were noted for individual botanical and geographical areas. All taxa were presented in the list and annotated with studied herbarium materials from the Kazakhstan area. Based on the collected and available locations for the studied taxa, distribution modeling was carried out for the four taxa (D. incarnata, D. majalis subsp. baltica, D. salina, and D. umbrosa). Bioclimatic data for the present and future (2041–2060) based on four possible scenarios were used. The occurrence of Dactylorhiza representatives in Kazakhstan is threatened by global climate warming. It is likely that some of them may not occur in the country in the future (D. incarnata and D. majalis subsp. baltica), losing up to 99.87% of their modern range or their range may be significantly reduced (D. salina and D. umbrosa), losing up to 80.83% of their present distribution. It is worth considering global changes in planning conservation activities and identifying areas that may play a significant role in the functioning of the national flora in the future.

The genus Anoectochilus (Orchidaceae) is characterized by considerable floral diversity, yet its micromorphology remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and morphology of micromorphological structures in selected representatives of the genus, with particular emphasis on the putatively peloric species Anoectochilus papuanus. The study was designed as a preliminary qualitative survey, with each species represented by a single specimen. Flowers of A. papuanus, A. formosanus, and A. regalis, as well as leaves of A. papuanus and A. formosanus and the inflorescence rachis of A. papuanus, were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Trichomes, stomata, and papillae were documented on floral organs, ovaries, leaves, and the inflorescence rachis. Three principal trichome types were distinguished: oblate, pyriform, and conical. Anoectochilus papuanus exhibited the greatest observed trichome diversity, whereas only oblate trichomes were observed in the available material of A. regalis, although preservation-related deterioration prevented its comprehensive examination. Stomata were observed on floral organs and leaves, with actinocytic, desmocytic, and pericytic types recorded. Papillae occurred on different floral structures and varied in their distribution among the examined species. The labellum of A. papuanus differed from the labella of the remaining species by the presence of stomata and a wrinkled epidermis, resembling the petal surfaces. These observations are consistent with previous interpretations of A. papuanus as a peloric form and document previously unreported micromorphological variation in Anoectochilus. However, the taxonomic and functional significance of the observed characters requires confirmation using broader sampling and quantitative analyses.