Sports participation among adolescents is increasing, offering numerous health benefits and exposing them to the risk of sports-related injuries. This paper aims to understand that the prevalence and risk factors associated with these injuries are crucial for effective injury prevention and the overall well-being of adolescent athletes. This systematic review synthesizes the existing literature on sports-related injuries in adolescent athletes. A comprehensive search was conducted, yielding 11 relevant studies. The studies were analyzed to determine the prevalence of injuries and identify associated risk factors. A qualitative synthesis of the findings was performed. The included studies collectively highlight the significant burden of sports-related injuries among adolescent athletes, with prevalence rates ranging from 34.1% to 65%. Specific risk factors associated with these injuries include body mass index (BMI), physical activity patterns, age, gender, sport type, previous injuries, and training practices. Obese adolescents, those engaged in excessive weekly practice hours, younger athletes, and females were found to be at higher risk. Certain sports, such as soccer and football, exhibited higher injury rates. Sports-related injuries in adolescent athletes are a multifaceted issue influenced by various factors. Tailored injury prevention strategies are essential, considering the specific needs of adolescent athletes in different sports and age groups. Interventions should encompass physical and educational components, emphasizing proper warm-ups, protective equipment use, and injury prevention education. Longitudinal studies and standardized injury reporting systems are needed to monitor injury trends and evaluate prevention strategies effectively. This systematic review contributes to our understanding of sports-related injuries in adolescent athletes and underscores the importance of evidence-based injury prevention efforts.

Primary care medical doctors (PHC) are in a pivotal position to influence patients' dietary habits through the provision of nutrition education. This systematic review was conducted to assess the latest evidence on physicians' knowledge and practical involvement in nutrition education within healthcare facilities across Saudi Arabia. Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Screening and selection of studies were performed using Rayyan QCRI, starting from titles and abstracts, followed by full-text assessments. Eight eligible studies were identified, which included participants of various ages and genders. Although study designs varied, cross-sectional methodologies predominated, and all were methodologically sound. Findings consistently indicated that primary care physicians generally possess only moderate nutrition knowledge, primarily limited to fundamental principles necessary for basic nutrition care delivery. The evidence also highlighted deficiencies in medical students' preparedness in terms of knowledge, attitude, and confidence related to nutrition counseling, underlining the inadequacy of current nutritional education in their training. Therefore, it is essential to increase the nutritional knowledge of intern physicians and primary care physicians. Strengthening their clinical competencies in nutrition will better equip them to deliver effective dietary recommendations and support behavioral changes among patients, ultimately improving overall health outcomes. To achieve sustained progress, PHC physicians should engage in ongoing nutrition education programs, which would contribute significantly to improving public health through consistent and reliable Nutrition counseling.

Primary care medical doctor (PHC) have a chance to sustenance the healthy eating behaviors of patients by giving nourishment education. This study aimed to explore the updated evidence concerning physicians' knowledge and practice of nutrition education in healthcare centers in Saudi Arabia. A systematic review was conducted. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, EBSCO, and the Cochrane library. Using Rayyan QCRI, study articles were first screened by title and abstract before a full-text analysis was done. Results: This review included a total of 8 research with participants of both sexes and varying ages. The included studies used a variety of designs, mostly cross-sectional, but they are all legitimate. the main evidence demonstrated by most of the reviewed studies is that primary care physicians have just a reasonable nutrition knowledge and are aware of the only basic nutritional knowledge for providing nutrition care to their patients. Medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and confidence in offering nutritional counselling to patients all showed how inadequate the nutritional programme was. So, Intern physicians and Primary care physicians need to improve their clinical nutrition knowledge, this will allow them to get the most level of nutritional knowledge and skills to provide individuals with the suitable nutritional recommendations and also successfully support patients to enhamce their dietary behaviors and health conditions. PHC physicians should have continuous nutrition educational training programs to ensure the continuous provision of sound nutritional advice to patients and the public leading to a positive impact on public health.

Dyslipidemia | School Teachers | Knowledge | Attitude | Saudi Arabia

To explore implicit stereotyping among primary healthcare (PHC) physicians and to identify determinants of physicians’ stereotyping of patients based on the patients’ characteristics and appearance. This study followed an analytical cross-sectional design conducted between October 2019 and December 2019, and included 250 primary healthcare (PHC) physicians in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which included items concerning physicians’ sociodemographic characteristics, and their attitudes toward patient characteristics and patient appearance. Prevalence of stereotyping among PHC physicians was 63.6% with respect to patient characteristics and 57.6% with respect to patient appearance. Stereotyping based on patient characteristics was higher among younger participants, females, those with bachelor’s degrees, those in general practitioner positions, and those with less experience in PHC. Most PHC physicians in Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, are liable to implicit stereotyping based on patient characteristics (namely, gender and educational level) and patient appearance (namely, clothing). Therefore, it is recommended to train PHC physicians in cultural competency to reduce unintentional acts of discrimination toward their patients.

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are increasingly used for healthcare information retrieval, education, and clinical support; however, concerns remain regarding the accuracy and completeness of AI-generated information in preventive medicine, where evidence-based recommendations, epidemiological interpretation, risk assessment, and public health guidance require reliable responses. Comparative evidence across multiple preventive medicine domains remains limited, particularly using standardized expert-validated reference answers. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy and completeness of responses generated by five AI chatbots across major preventive medicine domains. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional benchmarking study evaluated ChatGPT, DeepSeek, Perplexity AI, Claude AI, and Gemini Advanced using 15 expert-validated questions covering General Preventive Medicine, Clinical Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Occupational Medicine, and Social and Behavioral Science. Responses were independently evaluated by two investigators using predefined accuracy and completeness scoring frameworks. Between-model comparisons were conducted using mixed-effects models accounting for clustering by question, and inter-rater reliability was assessed using agreement statistics. Results: Claude AI achieved the highest overall accuracy (5.67 ± 0.41) and completeness (2.87 ± 0.35), followed by ChatGPT (accuracy, 5.47 ± 0.66; completeness, 2.67 ± 0.49), whereas Gemini Advanced demonstrated the lowest overall performance. Epidemiology and Biostatistics showed the highest pooled completeness score (2.60; 95% CI: 2.32–2.88). Mixed-effects analysis accounting for clustering by question demonstrated a significant overall difference in accuracy among chatbot models (p < 0.001), while inter-rater agreement was high, supporting the consistency of the scoring procedure. Conclusions: Substantial variability in accuracy and completeness was observed among the evaluated AI chatbots, with Claude AI and ChatGPT demonstrating comparatively stronger performance within this specific question set. Given the limited number of unique questions and the continuously evolving nature of AI models, these findings should be considered exploratory and should not be generalized as definitive evidence of model superiority or clinical utility. Larger studies using more diverse question sets and standardized evaluation frameworks are required to confirm these findings.