The corrosion behavior of N80 steel in a simulated coalbed–methane environment was investigated in a high-temperature, high-pressure autoclave. Uniform corrosion and maximum pit depth were quantified by weight-loss measurements and ultra-depth-of-field three-dimensional microscopy, respectively, while SEM, EDS, and XRD were used to characterize the morphology, elemental composition, and crystalline phases of the surface corrosion products. A one-factor-at-a-time design was applied at a constant total pressure of 10 MPa to evaluate the effects of nominal CO₂ partial pressure (0.10–1.00 MPa), nominal O₂ partial pressure (0–0.40 MPa), Cl⁻ concentration (3–187 g/L), and temperature (40–75 °C). Increasing the nominal CO₂ partial pressure raised the uniform corrosion rate from 0.712 to 0.930 mm/a but reduced the maximum pitting corrosion rate from 1.691 to 0.280 mm/a, while FeCO₃-containing surface coverage increased. Increasing the nominal O₂ partial pressure intensified both corrosion modes; at 0.40 MPa, the uniform and maximum pitting corrosion rates reached 1.446 and 2.202 mm/a, respectively, and the corrosion-product layer exhibited extensive cracking and spallation. Increasing the Cl⁻ concentration reduced the uniform corrosion rate from 1.078 to 0.839 mm/a but increased the maximum pitting corrosion rate from 0.474 to 1.807 mm/a, indicating a shift in the principal damage risk from average metal loss to localized penetration. The uniform corrosion rate reached a maximum of 1.516 mm/a at 60 °C, whereas the maximum pitting corrosion rate increased continuously to 2.202 mm/a at 75 °C. XRD identified Fe, FeCO₃, Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and FeOOH. The persistent Fe substrate reflections, interpreted together with the SEM observations, revealed spatially heterogeneous corrosion-product coverage. These results show that the protective contribution of FeCO₃-containing products depends on their surface coverage and visible integrity rather than on phase presence alone. The findings support stringent oxygen-ingress control, targeted pitting protection in high-salinity environments, and enhanced corrosion surveillance of intermediate- and high-temperature well sections.