Soil microorganisms, as a crucial component of the soil ecosystem, play an essential role in maintaining soil health, promoting nutrient cycling, and ensuring ecological stability. Nevertheless, with the rapid progress of industrialization, crude oil pollution has emerged as a significant environmental hazard, notably affecting the structure and functionality of soil microbial communities. The Yellow River Delta, a vital wetland ecosystem and a key oil-producing area in China, has been exposed to crude oil contamination for a long time, leading to a substantial decline in its ecological functions. This study elucidates the effects of crude oil pollution on soil microorganisms in the Yellow River Delta by comparing the microbial community composition between long-term contaminated sites and sites that have undergone phytoremediation. By comprehensively analyzing the ecological responses and remediation potential of microbial communities, this research aims to offer a scientific basis for regional ecological restoration and sustainable development.