Background: Function genomic studies will generally result in lists of genes that may provide clues for exploring biological questions and discovering unanticipated functions, based on differential gene expression analysis, differential epigenomic analysis or co-expression network analysis. While tools have been developed to identify biological functions that are enriched in the genes sets, there remains a need for comprehensive tools that identify functional enrichment of genes for both model and non-model species from a different function classification perspective. Results: We developed AllEnricher, a tool that calculates gene set function enrichment, with user-defined updatable libraries backing up for both model and non-model species as well as providing comprehensive functional interpretation from multiple dimensions, including GO, KEGG, Reactome, DO and DisGeNET. Conclusions: AllEnricher incorporates up to date information from different public resources and provides a comprehensive resolution for biologists to make sense out of specific gene sets, making it an advanced open-source tool for gene set function analysis.

Background: In order to study the relations of hepatocellular functions, weight gain and metabolic imbalance caused by low-dose antibiotics (LDA) via epigenetic regulation of gene transcription, 32 weaned piglets were employed as animal models and randomly allocated into two groups with diets supplemented with 0 or LDA (chlorotetracycline and virginiamycin).Results: During the 4 weeks of the experiment, LDA showed a clear growth-promoting effect, which was exemplified by the significantly elevated body weight and average daily gain. Promoter methylome profiling using liquid hybridization capture-based bisulfite sequencing (LHC-BS) indicated that most of the 745 differential methylation regions (DMRs) were hypermethylated in the LDA group. Several DMRs were significantly enriched in genes related with fatty acids metabolic pathways, such as FABP1 and PCK1. In addition, 71 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by strand-specific transcriptome analysis of liver tissues, including ALOX15, CXCL10 and NNMT, which are three key DEGs that function in lipid metabolism and immunity and which had highly elevated expression in the LDA group. In accordance with these molecular changes, the lipidome analyses of serum by LC-MS identified 38 significantly differential lipids, most of which were downregulated in the LDA group.Conclusions: Our results indicate that LDA could induce epigenetic and transcriptional changes of key genes and lead to enhanced efficiency of lipid metabolism in the liver.

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has been observed across a wide variety of eukaryotic groups, contributing to evolutionary diversity and environmental adaptability. Mollusks are the second largest group of animals, and are among the organisms that have successfully adapted to the nonmarine realm through aquatic-terrestrial (A-T) transition, and no comprehensive research on WGD has been reported in this group. To explore WGD and the A-T transition in Mollusca, we assembled a chromosome-level reference genome for the giant African snailAchatina immaculata, a global invasive species, and compared the genomes of two giant African snails (A. immaculataandAchatina fulica) to the other available mollusk genomes. The chromosome-level macrosynteny, colinearity blocks, Ks peak and Hox gene clusters collectively suggested the occurrence of a WGD event shared byA. immaculataandA. fulica. The estimated timing of this WGD event (∼70 MYA) was close to the speciation age of the Sigmurethra-Orthurethra (within Stylommatophora) lineage and the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction, indicating that the WGD reported herein may have been a common event shared by all Sigmurethra-Orthurethra species and could have conferred ecological adaptability and genomic plasticity allowing the survival of the K-T extinction. Based on macrosynteny, we deduced an ancestral karyotype containing 8 conserved clusters for the Gastropoda-Bivalvia lineage. To reveal the mechanism of WGD in shaping adaptability to terrestrial ecosystems, we investigated gene families related to the respiration, aestivation and immune defense of giant African snails. Several mucus-related gene families expanded early in the Stylommatophora lineage, functioning in water retention, immune defense and wound healing. The hemocyanins, PCK and FBP families were doubled and retained after WGD, enhancing the capacity for gas exchange and glucose homeostasis in aestivation. After the WGD, zinc metalloproteinase genes were highly tandemly duplicated to protect tissue against ROS damage. This evidence collectively suggests that although the WGD may not have been the direct driver of the A-T transition, it provided an important legacy for the terrestrial adaptation of the giant African snail.