Modern oncological diagnostics increasingly integrates conventional imaging and histopathological techniques with molecular analyses, liquid biopsy, multi-omics technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI). This scoping review aimed to synthesise current knowledge on modern cancer diagnostic approaches and their role in the development of precision oncology. A literature search conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to 16 August 2026 identified 143 sources of evidence that met the eligibility criteria and were included in this scoping review. Unlike reviews focused on individual diagnostic technologies, this review integrates imaging diagnostics, liquid biopsy, molecular biomarkers, AI, multi-omics approaches, and patient phenotyping within a precision oncology framework. The literature indicates that cancer diagnostics is evolving from the assessment of isolated parameters towards the integration of clinical, imaging, histopathological, and molecular data. Liquid biopsy, particularly circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) analysis, has emerged as a promising tool for disease monitoring, identifying mechanisms of treatment resistance, and detecting minimal residual disease. Genomic and multi-omics technologies provide deeper insight into tumour biology, while AI, radiomics, and digital pathology facilitate the analysis of complex diagnostic data. Nutritional status and body composition assessment also contribute valuable prognostic and predictive information. The integration of these approaches may improve risk stratification, support earlier cancer detection, enhance treatment monitoring, and facilitate personalised therapeutic decision-making. However, broader clinical implementation requires further standardisation, biomarker validation, assessment of reproducibility, and confirmation of clinical utility.

Microplastics have emerged as one of the most widespread and significant environmental pollutants, occurring in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the atmosphere, food, and living organisms. Given the rapid expansion of research in this field, a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of knowledge is warranted. The aim of this study was to map the available literature on microplastics, with particular emphasis on advanced identification and characterisation techniques, environmental transport and transformation processes, life cycle assessment, and remediation strategies. This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines using publications retrieved from the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The analysis demonstrated substantial advances in analytical methodologies, particularly spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, enabling the accurate characterisation of micro- and nanoplastic particles. It also highlighted the complex mechanisms governing the transport and transformation of microplastics across environmental compartments, as well as their important role as vectors of chemical contaminants. From a systems perspective, life cycle assessment of plastics was identified as an essential tool for evaluating their environmental impacts. Current mitigation approaches, including filtration technologies, wastewater treatment processes, and biological remediation strategies, were also reviewed, along with their limitations and potential for future development. This review identifies the lack of standardised analytical methodologies and the limited capability for nanoplastics detection as two major challenges hindering the global harmonisation of microplastics research. The findings emphasise the need for further interdisciplinary studies and the implementation of integrated strategies encompassing the entire life cycle of plastics to effectively reduce microplastics emissions and mitigate their environmental impacts.