This study was aimed at determining the effects of two phytogenic antioxidants, namely, cinnamaldehyde and 1,8-cineole, and an antibiotic added to laying hen feed on the fatty acid profile of egg yolk and the weight loss and lipid peroxidation levels of eggs stored for different periods. Ninety-six 48-week-old Bovans White hens were randomly assigned to four groups, each with four replicates of six hens per replicate. The four groups were provided with the following feeds: maize and soybean-based laying [...] ABSTRACT This study was aimed at determining the effects of two phytogenic antioxidants, namely, cinnamaldehyde and 1,8-cineole, and an antibiotic added to laying hen feed on the fatty acid profile of egg yolk and the weight loss and lipid peroxidation levels of eggs stored for different periods. Ninety-six 48-week-old Bovans White hens were randomly assigned to four groups, each with four replicates of six hens per replicate. The four groups were provided with the following feeds: maize and soybean-based laying

Beekeeping, performed in many parts of the world, has a very large place in the world trade market with bee products such as wax, bee venom, propolis and royal jelly, especially honey production. However, honey bee diseases are quite common and restricted the production of bee products. One of the most important of these diseases, Nosema, is caused by spores in intestinal epithelium cells of the honeybee. Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are the factors of this disease and also common in our country. These two species can be distinguished from each other by molecular diagnostic methods. In this study, materials collected from 152 apiaries located in 13 districts of Muğla province and 62 water sources close to these apiaries. The spores were counted using Thoma lame under light microscope. DNA isolation was carried out from spore positive samples. 218MITOC FOR-REV and 321APIS FOR-REV primers were used to figure out the N. apis and N. ceranae species. After DNA sequence analysis of the obtained amplifications, it was determined that all samples formed 3 haplotypes according to studied sequences for the first time. In Muğla region, the presence of only N. ceranae as a disease agent was determined and the prevalence of the disease was detected at a rate of 71.53±6.02%. Moreover, blast analysis showed that the N. ceranae sequence detected high similarity (94-100 %) with the previously reported in Lebanon, France, Morocco and Thailand samples.

In this study, the effects of the supplementation of natural and synthetic antioxidant additives in layer diets on egg weight loss, yolk lipid peroxidation (TBARS values) and fatty acid composition of eggs stored at different temperatures and duration were evaluated. In total, 112 48- weeks-old Bovans White layers were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with four replicates of seven birds each. The treatments consisted of a control diet, containing no additives, and diets with the inclusion of 200 mg synthetic vitamin E/kg, 1000 mg thyme extract/kg and 1000 mg rosemary extract/kg. Dietary treatments did not influence (p>0.05) relative weight loss of eggs stored for 14, 28, and 56 days, except for those from rosemary-fed hens stored at room temperature on d 42, which were significantly lighter than the eggs from vitamin E- and thyme-fed hens (p<0.001). Relative egg weight loss was significantly higher (p<0.001) when stored at room temperature than under refrigeration, independently of storage time. In eggs stored at room temperature, yolk TBARS values were significantly lower (p<0.001) in the eggs of vitamin E-fed hens, whereas no influence (p>0.05) of dietary treatment on yolk TBARS values were detected in refrigerated eggs. The inclusion of the synthetic and both natural antioxidants in layer diets significantly reduced stearic acid (C18: 0) level in the egg yolk. In addition, only natural antioxidants significantly increased yolk levels of palmitoleic acid (C16: 1) and vaccenic acid (C18: 1n7). The results of the present study showed that adequate storage temperature was more effective in improving egg shelf life than feeding layers synthetic or natural antioxidant additives. However, the positive effects of the evaluated natural antioxidants on yolk fatty acid composition suggest their supplementation to layer diets may provide health benefits to the consumer.

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Nosema disease caused by Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in bee colonies in Kırşehir. A hundred worker honey bee samples were collected from each of 51 beekeepers in 31 locations in 5 provinces of Kırşehir (Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar, Boztepe and Kaman) in July 2014. A total 5100 samples were used in this study. The microscopic examinations of the study suggested that there was existence of Nosema spores in Centrium, Mucur, Akpınar and Boztepe with 25%, 23.07%, 12.5% and 60%, respectively; whereas no spores were detected in Kaman province. It was found a positive correlation between humidity and numbers of nosema spores. Molecular analyses showed that N. ceranae is only Nosema type in studied all positive samples.

Beslenmede besin maddelerinin kalite ve miktarları; organizmaların yaşamsal faaliyetleri için çok önemlidir. Yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenme sonucunda organizmalarda stres artar, üreme yeteneklerinde düşme ve hastalıklara karşı dirençte azalma gerçekleşir. Bal arılarının da yaşam fonksiyonlarını gerçekleştirebilmeleri, koloni performansının artırmaları ve arıcılık faaliyetinin amacına uygun olarak yapılabilmesi için biyotik ve abiyotik nedenlerle doğal besin maddelerinin temininde karşılaşılan olumsuzluklarda ek besleme kaçınılmazdır. Yetersiz beslenme; kolonilerin sönmesine neden olabilmektedir. Bal arılarında görülen birçok hastalığın, yanlış ya da eksik beslenmeden kaynaklandığı ön görülmektedir. Koloni yaşamı; sağlık, üretkenlik ve hizmetlerin (tozlaşma) sürekliliği, doğal habitattaki besin maddelerinin koloni popülasyon dinamiği ve koloni fizyolojisi ile eşzamanlı yeterliliği ve ihtiyaç halinde yapılacak ek besleme ile sağlanabilir. Bal arılarının beslenmesinde ilk akla gelen “şeker” beslemesi olsa da, bal arıları için asıl önemli olan temel besin maddesi proteindir. Arının protein gereksinimi kaliteli taze polenden karşılanmaktadır. Son yıllarda sektöre sunulan birçok hazır kek kolonilerin protein ihtiyacını karşılamak amacıyla satılmaktadır. Bu keklerin içeriğinde yeterli miktarda protein içermemesi veya katkı maddeleri ihtiva etmeleri nedeniyle, doğal polenin alternatifi olamamaktadır. Kolonilerin farklı besin madde gruplarıyla beslenmesinin arılar üzerinde etkilerini ve uygulama sırasında dikkat edilmesi gereken hususları içeren birçok araştırma bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, bal arılarının beslenmesi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar değerlendirilerek, sürdürülebilir ve başarılı arıcılık için ipuçları sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Beekeeping plays a crucial role in supporting agricultural sustainability and the economy through pollination and the production of honey and other bee products. Among these products is apilarnil, a less known substance derived from drone larvae that provides health benefits. Apilarnil is rich in essential nutrients and has been reported to have favorable effects on the reproductive system, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular health. In addition to its natural medicinal properties, its nutritional and pharmaceutical potential is increasingly recognized, leading to the commercial production of apilarnil. This bee product is very important for health as it contains amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, hormones and antioxidants. Apilarnil is recognized as a complete food and is included in various food products. Research emphasizes the androgenic, estrogenic, antioxidant and immune system boosting effects of apilarnil. Animal studies indicate its potential to improve reproductive health, reduce stress and promote growth and development. It also shows promise in protecting against oxidative stress and improving general health. In this review, information on apilarnil and its uses is compiled.