Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. HCV has 8 genotypes (GT) and 86 subtypes and distribution of GTs varies based on geographical regions, transmission routes and even in cultural groups. The determination of viral genotype is crucial in choosing antiviral treatment, determining the duration of therapy, and monitoring treatment respose. Since 2014, with the usage of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in the treatment of HCV infections, a cure rate over 95% could be possible. Epidemiological data are important to combat a chronic HCV infections. Due to its geographical location, Turkey is like a bridge connecting Asia and Europe. Istanbul is the biggest and most crowded city of Turkey and has received immigration from many different countries, especially from Syria, in recent years and immigration still goes on. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating effects in our country. In this study, we determined the HCV genotypes in Health Sciences University Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, in Istanbul between 2016 and 2022. Of the 322 patients analyzed during this 7-year period, HCV GT1b was the most prevalent GT in 65.2%, followed by GT3 in 15.5%, GT1a in 10.6%. Our data serve as a great mirror for HCV epidemiology in Turkey and contribute to global data.

Objective: Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are among the TORCH (Toxoplasma, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus) group microorganisms. Knowing regional epidemiological data on TORCH group infections is important, especially when deciding whether to perform routine screening at the regional and national levels. Our study aimed to evaluate the frequency of T. gondii, rubella, and CMV IgM and/or IgG antibodies in female patients admitted to a state hospital in İstanbul. Method: T. gondii, rubella, and CMV IgG and IgM antibody results tested in patient sera between January 2017 and December 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The results of 33 636 samples were evaluated. The highest rate of seropositivity was detected in the 20-29 age group (n=4626, 26.72%). The highest of antibody positivity was reported in 2019 (33.29%). The IgG seropositivity rate was 24.1% for T. gondii, 93.5% for rubella, and 98.3% for CMV. Conclusion: Except for the differences in T. gondii seroprevalence, the results of our study seem to be similar to those of other studies both in our country and globally. The seronegativity rate (74.9%) for T. gondii was high in our research, which indicates that pregnant women should be carefully monitored for T. gondii infection in our region. We conclude that more comprehensive studies are needed to establish national screening programs for TORCH group agents. Keywords: CMV, rubella, TORCH, toxoplasma, seropositivity

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to investigate Toxoplasma Gondii, Rubella virus and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgM and IgG results, the avidity tests and perinatal follow-up results retrospectively. Material and Method: Test results of pregnant women who applied to Gynecology and Obstetrics Polyclinics in 2017-2018 were analyzed retrospectively.When IgM result was positive for any of these infections, IgG avidity indices, ultrasound (USG) findings, prenatal screening results, amniocentesis results, week of gestation that IgM positivity was observed, and if any treatments applied for these infections, were examined from the file records of pregnant women. Results: It was observed that 24.1% of 6719 patients were Toxoplasma IgG, 98.9% were Rubella IgG and 98.7% were CMV IgG positive. When the IgM positivity was examined, it was seen that this rate was 0.46% (n=31) for Toxoplasma, 0.16% (n=11) for Rubella and 0.7% (n=47) for CMV. There was only 9 low avidity test results for Toxoplasma Gondii. But there was no evidence of perinatal infection associated with these infectious agents . Conclusion: In conclusion, screening for toxoplasma, rubella and CMV infections during pregnancy is still a controversial subject and there is no national screening programme in Turkey. Knowing the seroprevalence is of great importance in establishing national screening strategies and providing consultancy to pregnant women about protection from these infections. From this point of view our study is valuable in that it contributes to these data as the first study conducted in Balıkesir region on this subject

Background and Objective: Currently, there is a need for alternative antimicrobial and anti-biofilm strategies owing to the combined challenges of multidrug resistance and biofilm formation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of extracts from Thymus serpyllum, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus officinalis, Tilia cordata, Salvia officinalis, and Thymbra spicata against S. maltophilia, as well as the interactions of carnosic acid, luteolin, and carnosol compounds in these extracts with potential target molecules. Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were obtained using a Soxhlet device. Antimicrobial activity against 16 clinical S. maltophilia isolates was evaluated using the disk diffusion method, and the antibiofilm effect was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Carnosic acid, luteolin, and carnosol compounds in the extracts were selected as ligands, and a binding analysis was performed with proteins. Results: The T. serpyllum extract showed the highest inhibition zone (20.5 ± 2.8 mm; p < 0.005), with dose-dependent antimicrobial activity (1024 μg/mL > 512 μg/mL; p < 0.05). Among the assessed 15 biofilm-producing strains, T. serpyllum inhibited 10, S. officinalis inhibited six, and R. officinalis inhibited five strains. Molecular docking indicated strong binding energies (carnosic acid: –8.51 kcal/mol, luteolin: –7.62 kcal/mol, carnosol: –9.23 kcal/mol) and multiple interactions with the MlaC protein. Conclusion: These findings suggest that extracts from T. serpyllum, S. officinalis, and R. officinalis may target the Mla pathway and exhibit promising antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against multidrug-resistant S. maltophilia, likely through the associated active compounds. The molecular docking analyses further supported the potential of these extracts to disrupt membrane integrity by interfering with the Mla system, thereby enhancing bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. However, additional studies are required to validate these mechanisms and investigate their broader biological implications.

Background: Candida auris has emerged globally as a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen responsible for healthcare-associated outbreaks and invasive infections. Whole-genome sequencing studies have demonstrated the existence of genetically distinct clades that differ in geographical distribution, antifungal resistance patterns, virulence traits, and outbreak potential. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the ClaID clade identification PCR system among clinical Candida auris isolates collected in İstanbul, Türkiye, and to investigate the clade-associated molecular profiles of circulating isolates. Methods: Forty-four clinical C. auris isolates were analysed using the auris universal sequence (AUS) assay and clade-specific sequence assays (CSS1–CSS5). PCR amplification results were interpreted according to the ClaID framework. Results: AUS amplification was detected in 41/44 isolates (93.2%). CSS1 amplification was observed in 39/44 isolates (88.6%), indicating a predominance of Clade I-associated molecular profiles within this regional İstanbul isolate collection. No amplification was detected using CSS2, CSS3, CSS4, or CSS5 assays. Three isolates were AUS-negative and five isolates did not yield CSS1 amplification despite repeated testing. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the majority of analyzed clinical isolates from İstanbul exhibited Clade I-associated molecular profiles rather than definitive WGS-confirmed clade assignments. This study provides one of the first field evaluations of the ClaID system in a Turkish clinical isolate collection and contributes regional molecular epidemiological data regarding PCR-based clade-associated profiles of C. auris in Türkiye.