The method for callus induction, adventitious shoot induction and plant regeneration derived from mature embryos of the seed and young shoots in Dendrocalamus farinosus was examined. For young shoots, the lowest callus induction frequency (21.0 to 29.7%) was obtained and the induced callus became brown and perished after two weeks. For mature embryos of the seed, an efficient protocol for callus induction, adventitious shoot induction and plant regeneration was developed. The best callus induction medium for mature embryos was observed to be Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with 2.0 mg l-1 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in combination with 0.2 mg l-1 kinetin (Kn) plus 0.4 mg l-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Callus induction frequency was 95%. The highest adventitious shoot induction frequency (91.2 ± 2.18%) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg l-1 kn plus 0.5 mg l-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The regenerated adventitious shoots were rooted in vitro on MS medium with 0.4 mg l-1 IBA plus 0.25 mg l-1 IAA. Rooted plantlets successfully acclimatized to the greenhouse and 90.1% survived after being transplanted to plastic pots (measuring 30 cm in diameter) with garden soil. Key words: Callus culture, plant regeneration, making-pulp use, Dendrocalamus farinosus.

Background: The monocarpic woody bamboo Chimonobambusa opienensis flowers synchronously and undergoes post-flowering senescence, imposing high nutritional demands during reproduction. Field investigations have documented increases in rhizosphere nutrients during bamboo blooming, but the underlying metabolic–microbial mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: Eight biological replicates of flowering (FD) and non-flowering (NF) C. opienensis across two locations were used to investigate differences in rhizosphere metabolites, microbiota, functional genes, and soil nutrient stoichiometry. A total of 2196 metabolites were identified, including 108 specific to FD and 63 specific to NF. Flowering was associated with metabolic reprogramming: flavonoids (2′,5,6-trimethoxyflavone) and antioxidant metabolites increased, whereas growth-promoting phytohormones and structural maintenance metabolites decreased. This metabolic transition was accompanied by substantial functional reorganization of the rhizosphere microbiome. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), functional guilds associated with nitrification, were selectively enriched in FD rhizospheres, suggesting a shift from carbon-cycle predominance toward nitrogen-activation potential. NF rhizospheres harbored a microbial consortium associated with decomposition and methanogenesis of complex organic matter. In FD rhizospheres, nitrogen and phosphorus contents were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Correlation analyses revealed strong associations among root metabolites, functional microbial guilds, and soil nutrient pools. Conclusions: The rhizosphere metabolite–microbe–nutrient axis is associated with the increased nutrient demands of flowering and may support reproductive success in monocarpic bamboos. A putative “metabolic signals–microbial functions–nutrient supply” interaction network is identified in the flowering rhizosphere, advancing our understanding of perennial clonal plant–microbe interactions during reproductive transitions.