Background: Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) has emerged as a promising photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its strong absorption of blue light and favourable safety profile. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of riboflavin-mediated PDT in periodontology, specifically examining its antimicrobial effects and potential to improve clinical outcomes compared to conventional or other PDT-based treatments. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Studies published in English within the last 10 years were considered, where riboflavin served as the primary photosensitizer for dental treatments. Data extraction focused on study design, photosensitizer concentration, light source parameters, and clinical or microbiological outcomes. The risk of bias was assessed independently by two reviewers using a predefined scoring system. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, all demonstrating a low risk of bias. Riboflavin-mediated PDT consistently reduced microbial biofilms and pathogen viability in periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and endodontic models. Although some studies reported slightly lower efficacy compared to chlorhexidine or toluidine blue–based PDT, riboflavin-mediated PDT exhibited advantages such as minimal staining, low cytotoxicity, and enhanced collagen crosslinking. However, most studies were in vitro or small-scale clinical trials, limiting conclusions on long-term effectiveness. Conclusions: Riboflavin-mediated PDT shows promise as a safe adjunctive therapy for periodontal infections. Larger, well-designed clinical trials with standardized parameters and extended follow-up are needed to further evaluate its efficacy and optimize treatment protocols for routine clinical application.

Background: Oral candidiasis, predominantly caused by Candida albicans, presents significant challenges in treatment due to increasing antifungal resistance and biofilm formation. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using natural photosensitizers like riboflavin and hypericin offers a potential alternative to conventional antifungal therapies. Material and Methods: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of riboflavin- and hypericin-mediated aPDT in reducing Candida infections. The PRISMA framework guided the selection and analysis of 16 eligible studies published between 2014 and 2024. Data on light parameters, photosensitizer concentrations, and outcomes were extracted to assess antifungal effects. Results: Both riboflavin- and hypericin-mediated aPDT demonstrated significant antifungal activity, achieving substantial reductions in Candida biofilm and planktonic cell viability. Riboflavin activated by blue light and hypericin activated by yellow or orange light effectively targeted fluconazole-resistant Candida strains with minimal cytotoxicity to host tissues. However, complete biofilm eradication remained challenging, and variations in protocols highlighted the need for standardization. Conclusions: Riboflavin- and hypericin-mediated aPDT present promising, biocompatible alternatives for managing antifungal resistance in Candida infections. Further clinical trials and standardized protocols are essential to optimize outcomes and confirm efficacy in broader clinical settings.

Research related to the development of a dental infiltrant for minimally invasive treatment of initial caries of hard dental tissues is presented. The formulation of the developed infiltrant material includes typical methacrylate monomers used in dentistry, an author’s adhesion monomer containing metronidazole, a photoinitiating system and yttrium trifluoride (YF₃). The main objective of the study was to evaluate penetration into decalcified root cementum using scanning electron microscope of an experimental preparation with the characteristics of a dental infiltrant compared to a commercial preparation with the addition of YF₃ as a contrast agent. Microscopic observations showed that YF₃ particles virtually did not penetrate deep into the root cementum—this was mainly due to the particle size of YF₃. Observations of cementum and root dentin tissue infiltration: resin tissue infiltration was visible to a depth of about 80 to 120 μm without the use of a tracer, which, due to agglomeration and particle size, remained on the cementum surface or in the resin used for inlaying. There were no differences between the degree of penetration of an experimental preparation with the characteristics of a dental infiltrant, as compared to a commercial preparation.

Dental procedures for alveolar bone augmentation may be carried out using autologous bone graft material derived from the patient’s own tooth. The material obtained is subjected to strict procedures aimed at reducing the amount of bacteria in the autograft. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the efficacy of the autogenous dentine matrix produced by grinding the patient’s own tooth for the augmentation of maxillary bone defects and the evaluation of the microbiological status of the material obtained. Alveolar bone repair was performed with an autogenous dentin matrix in four patients. In each case, an autogenous bone graft substitute obtained by grinding the patient’s own tooth was used. The tooth-derived material was then used for alveolar augmentation. The obtained material was tested to assess its microbiological profile. For the purpose of comparison, other materials and tissues were also subjected to microbiological testing. Bone healing was assessed by CBCT (cone beam computed tomography) scanning before and 6 months after surgery using the Hounsfield scale and the ImageJ software. Analysis of the bone regeneration process based on the bone density score in Hounsfield units showed significant differences in measurements on CBCT scans carried out on the treatment site, before surgery, and 6 months after it, using ImageJ software. All bacteria detected in the bone augmentation material constituted the patient’s bacterial flora. The microorganisms present in the augmentation material were also present in the patient’s bone and soft tissues. The use of an autogenous dentin matrix for alveolar bone repair ensures that the proper volume is obtained and that alveolar bone shape is preserved and does not introduce pathogenic microorganisms into the patient. The procedure for preparing and using an autogenous dentin matrix is described based on one clinical case.

Background: The most common cause of implant loss and deteriorating restoration aesthetics is infection and chronic inflammation of the tissues around the implants. Inflammation in the oral cavity, confirmed by clinical and histopathological examination and determination of exhaled nitric oxide, is a situation which may cause the complications on the whole human body. Elimination of the patology in the oral cavity in some cases is the only resonable treatment. The aims and objectives of our work is to present a gradual treatment of advanced infalmmation and present huge reduction stamp of inflammation measured with marker nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air. Materials and Methods: Simple treatment containing elimantion of pathology in the oral cavity was conducted. Patient that came to the dental practice suffered from the inflammation caused by lack of proper hygiene. First aid in this situation was to eliminate the inflammation which may affect negatively for general health. At first visit full hygienization was performed, at the second visit roots of abutment teeth and implants were removed under local anesthesia along with cystic changes. Results: The hygiene precedures and extraction of the unsteady inflammationprosthetic restorations significantly decreased the level of NO in exhaled air. Conclusions: During the examination of the patient coming to the dental practice great attention should be paid to the coexistence of pathologies related to the oral cavity. Omission of a dental examination and possible elimination of odontogenic foci may affect the implication of the results of general diagnostics and subsequent treatment. Measuring the level of NO on exhaled air seems to be useful diagnostic method.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the depth of penetration of an experimental preparation with the characteristics of a dental infiltrant into the decalcified root cementum tissue and observation of the root cementum tissue subjected to a single and repeated twice hydrochloric acid etching process. The study material consisted of 20 human teeth (the study group—12 demineralised teeth, the control group—8 teeth). A commercially available Icon preparation and an experimental preparation were used for the study with addition 2% of YF₃ (yttrium trifluoride) added as an indicator to facilitate microscopic observation. Each tooth was divided into two zones, blue (Icon) and red (experimental preparation). The teeth were divided into two subgroups—in the first subgroup, the etching preparation was applied once, in the second subgroup twice, and at the end the teeth were infiltrated with the experimental preparation and the Icon preparation. The study of tooth longitudinal section morphology and chemical composition was performed with the use of a Hitachi S-3400N scanning electron microscope. Microscopic observations show that the applied YF₃ tracer in most cases agglomerates and remains in the form of conglomerates on the surface of the root cementum. Single particles of YF₃ are visible, penetrating through the cementum tissues into the root dentine structure. The degree of tissue infiltration with the resin (depth of penetration into decalcified tissues) is visible at a depth of approx. 80–120 μm. In the test group subjected to a single etching process, good penetration of both resins was noticeable, however, excessive erosion of the root surface was evident in several of the specimens—indicating that damage occurred as a result of the etching process. In the test group subjected to two etching processes, excessive erosion of the cementum is visible in each deposit.