Outbreaks of arboviruses have become one of the major and consistent health burdens in India. With no effective vaccines or antivirals, it is challenging to control the exponential increase in cases of arboviral diseases. Accurate assessment of cases, timely and accurate diagnosis, treatment, tracking fatalities, surveillance of vectors, adopting integrated vector management policies, real-time genomic surveillance, and relating these to symptoms and tracking transmission are essential for keeping the emergence of arboviruses in check. This comprehensive review explores current literature and potential curative perspectives, focusing on major arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, Kyasanur forest disease, and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, and advancements in diagnosis, treatment protocols, supportive care, and the development of preventive measures. We aim to provide a thorough understanding of their epidemiology and impact in India, while identifying research and policy gaps that will enable policymakers to design effective strategies for managing the impact of arboviral diseases.

In a prospective analytical cohort study or a study involving a longer follow up, changing age of participants influence the relationship between exposure and outcome. Usually age at entry is incorporated in the regression model to adjust for age. However, this fails to fully explain and adjust for changing age. For this Lexis expansion, a concept by Wilhelm Lexis, allows the analyst to expand the observations as per age bands and check for confounding and interaction by changing age. Lexis expansion assumes the rates to be constant within an age band.

India experienced the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 3 to June 10, 2021. During the second wave, Delta variant B.1617.2 emerged as the predominant strain, spiking cases from 12.5 million to 29.3 million (cumulative) by the end of the surge in India. Vaccines against COVID-19 are a potent tool to control and end the pandemic in addition to other control measures. India rolled out its vaccination programme on January 16, 2021, initially with two vaccines that were given emergency authorization–Covaxin (BBV152) and Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV- 19). Vaccination was initially started for the elderly (60+) and front-line workers and then gradually opened to different age groups. The second wave hit when vaccination was picking up pace in India. There were instances of vaccinated people (fully and partially) getting infected, and reinfections were also reported. We undertook a survey of staff (front line health care workers and supporting) of 15 medical colleges and research institutes across India to assess the vaccination coverage, incidence of breakthrough infections, and reinfections among them from June 2 to July 10, 2021. A total of 1876 staff participated, and 1484 forms were selected for analysis after removing duplicates and erroneous entries (n = 392). We found that among the respondents at the time of response, 17.6% were unvaccinated, 19.8% were partially vaccinated (received the first dose), and 62.5% were fully vaccinated (received both doses). Incidence of breakthrough infections was 8.7% among the 801 individuals (70/801) tested at least 14 days after the 2nd dose of vaccine. Eight participants reported reinfection in the overall infected group and reinfection incidence rate was 5.1%. Out of (N = 349) infected individuals 243 (69.6%) were unvaccinated and 106 (30.3%) were vaccinated. Our findings reveal the protective effect of vaccination and its role as an essential tool in the struggle against this pandemic.