The paper considers the current problem of improving the quality of atmospheric monitoring. The paper aims at conducting a monitoring section of the existing situation in the studied territories in St. Petersburg. The following study methods were described: gravimetric, electrochemical,...

Introduction. The article considers an approach to be used to delineate the source water protection area for the surface water bodies without putting manufacturing plants within the delineated areas out of action. The approach is based on the assessment of the disposals produced by plants on the water quality at the surface water intake point during the plant’s accident-free operation and both accidents within and beyond the design basis. Materials and methods. The article used the water protection area laws and regulations, the data observed of the disposal dispersion in the large rivers, and the original articles presented in databases and information systems: RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science. The solute transport analytical solutions for the dilution of the linear source in the flow serve as the methodological framework. Results. The article results have shown the local disposal into the river to form dispersion halo. Due to the specific dispersion processes, an area of a strip-like shape on the opposite shore can be formed where an anthropogenic influence is not present or negligible. This can be considered the background for the safe cooperative operation of the water intake and a manufacturing plant located within the water protection area. Limitations. The present article outlines the analytical approach for estimating the dilution of wastewater in river waters. The methodologies proposed are subject to several constraints, including the assumption of a constant river channel width and profile, steady discharge of contaminated wastewater, absence of water inflow losses or replenishment, lack of interaction with suspended particulate matter, uniform mixing across all segments of the river, and neglect of wind-induced effects on pollutant dispersion near the water surface. Failure to meet any of these assumptions necessitates recourse to more sophisticated numerical modelling techniques for accurate calculation. Conclusion. The use of the approach presented in the paper allows justifying the manufacturing plant’s operation within the source water protection area for the surface water bodies.

Introduction. The article discusses methods to reduce the 2nd and 3rd Sanitary Protection Zones (SPZ) on the surface watercourse for the intake of onshore groundwater. There are presented basic hydrodynamic and geo-migration analytical solutions allowing the estimation the time of the pollution migration from the river to the underground water intake. These basic analytical solutions also estimate the degree of dilution of river waters by groundwater. Materials and methods. Laws & Acts regulating relations in the Design and Establishment of SPZ, SPZ Projects & related Scientific References. The methodological basis for reducing the zones of sanitary protection of coastal water intakes was undertaken using the hydrodynamic and geo-migration analytical calculations included within the ANSDIMAT software package. Results. When designing a coastal groundwater intake and developing a SPZ project, the following sequence of actions are recommended to reduce or completely avoid the management of the SPZ on a surface watercourse: 1. Locate the onshore groundwater intake in such a way that the 3rd belt of the SPZ is not close to the surface watercourse. 2. Estimate the pollution migration time. If it is more than four hundred days, then it is possible to abandon the management of the 2nd zone of the SPZ on the surface watercourse, and if the migration time of the pollution is more than 25 years, then the 3rd belt can also be completely abandoned. 3. Even with a constant excess of MPC (Maximum Permissible Concentration) in river waters, it is still possible to justify such a well flow rate that will not lead to an excess of MPC in water intake. 4. If it is impossible to fulfill the required project conditions, then it is necessary to manage the SPZ belts both for underground water intake and for the surface watercourse. Conclusion. Our recommendations for developing underground onshore water intakes make it possible to use all the advantages of onshore water intakes, whilst not withdrawing large areas from economic use.

This study investigates the kinetic parameters required for the engineering design of treatment plants employing fluorite precipitation technology. Particular emphasis is placed on the selection of a substrate for fluorite precipitation at the minimum acceptable calcium ion concentration, as well as on determining the precipitation rate of fluoride ions onto a substrate of given composition. In addition, the particle size of the substrate materials was examined. The degree of substrate dispersion was constrained by technological requirements: finely dispersed materials impede separation from the solution and reduce the filtration rate, whereas coarse-grained substrates provide insufficient contact area between the solution and the substrate.