Bladder carcinoma is globally among the most prevalent cancers and is associated with a high mortality rate at advanced stages. Its detection relies on invasive diagnostic methods that are unpleasant for the patient. Non-invasive molecular biomarkers, such as miRNAs, could serve as alternatives for early detection and prognosis of this malignancy. We designed a computational approach that combines transcriptome profiling, survival analyses, and calculation of diagnostic power in order to isolate miRNA signatures with high diagnostic and prognostic utility. Our analysis of TCGA-BLCA data from 429 patients yielded one miRNA signature, consisting of five upregulated and three downregulated miRNAs with cumulative diagnostic power that outperforms current diagnostic methods. The same miRNAs have a strong prognostic significance since their expression is associated with the overall survival of bladder cancer patients. We evaluated the expression of this signature in 19 solid cancer types, supporting its unique diagnostic utility for bladder carcinoma. We provide computational evidence regarding the functional implications of this miRNA signature in cell cycle regulation, demonstrating its abundance in body fluids, including peripheral blood and urine. Our study characterized a novel miRNA signature with the potential to serve as a non-invasive method for bladder cancer diagnosis and prognosis.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) shows complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, involving a range of immune checkpoint proteins and circulating biomarkers that may influence disease progression and response to treatment. Recent technological advances have identified tissue-based and circulating immune-related proteomic targets such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and circulating interleukin-8 (cIL-8) as potential diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Despite significant progress, ccRCC remains a major clinical challenge due to its diverse molecular and immunological characteristics that hinder the clinical utility of these biomarkers. The present review provides an updated overview of the current evidence regarding immune-related proteomic biomarkers in ccRCC, including both tissue-derived and circulating proteins. Herein, we discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive value of such agents, emphasizing their biological significance and potential to guide personalized immunotherapeutic strategies. Particular attention is given to the developing liquid-biopsy-based techniques and their application as novel minimally invasive methods of identifying new targets for disease monitoring and treatment evaluation. Finally, we focus on emerging therapeutic approaches and combined strategies, highlighting how biomarker-driven precision oncology continues to reshape ccRCC management.