An outbreak of camelpox occurred in the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan in 2019. To control the outbreak of camelpox and to prevent its further spread to other regions, camels were vaccinated using live and inactivated camelpox vaccines produced in Kazakhstan. To evaluate the efficacy of these camelpox vaccines in the field, vaccine trials used 172 camels on camel farms in the Beineu district. Of these, 132 camels were vaccinated using a live attenuated camelpox vaccine and 40 camels were vaccinated using an inactivated vaccine to observe immunogenicity and safety. The live vaccine was inoculated into camels by scarification at a dose of 5 × 10⁴ EID₅₀, and the inactivated vaccine was injected intramuscularly at 5 mL twice, with an interval of 35 days. During the safety evaluation, camels administered either vaccine displayed no clinical signs of illness or any adverse effects. Post-vaccination seroconversion demonstrated that the live attenuated vaccine started to elicit antibody responses in some animals as early as day seven, while, by day 28, 99% of vaccinated camels responded. For camels immunized with the inactivated vaccine, seroconversion began on day 21 at low titers ranging from 1:2 to 1:4. Ninety days post vaccination, 77% of the camels demonstrated an immune response that was up to a titer of 1:16. The antibody response waned six months post vaccination in camels vaccinated with two types of vaccine. Nonetheless, both vaccines were 100% effective at preventing clinical disease in vaccinated camels during the camelpox outbreak. All unvaccinated camels became ill, with manifestations of clinical signs characteristic of camelpox. Following these successful field trials in Kazakhstan, a vaccination program for camels, to control camelpox using the domestically produced live attenuated camelpox vaccine, has started.

The article presents the results of the commission testing of the physicochemical and biological properties of the experimental series of the inactivated emulsified monovalent vaccine against bluetongue in animals at the National Reference Center for Veterinary of the Committee for Veterinary Control and Supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CVCS MA RK). General virological and immunological research methods laid down in the regulatory and technical documentation (RTD) of the vaccine were used to conduct the study. The results of the commission studies showed that the vaccine is sterile with respect to foreign microflora, a harmless and immunogenic drug for sheep. On the 21st day after the administration of the vaccine, antibodies are detected in the animals in ELISA, the optical density of the serum of vaccinated animals ranges from 13% to 27%. According to the results of the commission testing, the vaccine meets the requirements laid down in the RTD of the drug. A registration certificate has been received for the drug. It is recommended to use the vaccine on a large scale in sheep and cattle farms, in private farmsteads for specific prevention of bluetongue. In addition, this article presents the results of determining the presence of cross-immunity in sheep infected with various serotypes of the bluetongue virus available at the Institute.

Currently, one of the most important tasks of the World Health Organization is prevention, the fight against epidemic diseases and the consideration of new methods in this direction. An important role in this was played by many years of experience and a stock of scientific achievements in the victory of mankind in the fight against infectious diseases. Today, there is an alarm in the media of a number of states about the emergence of epidemic disease such as monkey pox. The first registration of monkey pox in science was associated with the discovery in the middle of the XX century in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Later, a sharp increase in this infection in a number of countries attracted the special attention of the World Health Organization. The goal set by the researchers in the fight against this disease is a detailed study of the genome of the virus, consideration of vaccination measures against smallpox monkeys and its treatment. The question arises: What is the severity of monkey pox for humanity, can it pose the same danger as in the XX century, when measures were taken at the international level to combat smallpox? In this article, presented on the basis of the collected new scientific data and literary reviews, we will get answers to a number of such topical questions.

Background/Objectives: Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a re-emerging global health threat. While current vaccines are injectable, oral vaccination offers a painless alternative, though the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment challenges live viral vaccines. This study evaluated the stability of orthopoxviruses under simulated GI conditions to assess the physicochemical feasibility of oral mpox immunization. Methods: Attenuated and virulent strains of vaccinia, cowpox, and camelpox viruses were exposed to simulated gastric (pH 1.0–2.0 and 3.0–4.0 with pepsin) and intestinal (pH 7.0–7.5) conditions at 37 °C for 180 min. Viral titers were determined via cell culture assays. The physicochemical protective efficacy of enteric-coated capsules was evaluated using standard dissolution testing parameters. Results: All orthopoxviruses were rapidly inactivated under highly acidic fasting conditions (pH 1.0–2.0). However, they exhibited high stability at pH 3.0–4.0 and 7.0–7.5, retaining approximately 20–30% of their initial infectivity after 180 min. Enteric-coated capsules successfully maintained shell integrity in simulated gastric fluids for over 3 h and dissolved completely under intestinal conditions within ~130 min, aligning with small intestine transit times. Conclusions: Orthopoxviruses possess sufficient intestinal stability to support the physicochemical feasibility of oral immunization, provided they are protected from gastric acidity. Enteric-coated capsules represent a highly suitable delivery system for the intestinal release of live orthopoxvirus-based candidates, warranting further in vivo preclinical evaluation.

The preservation of strain viability and maintenance of their valuable properties are critical prerequisites for all stages of microorganism research, ranging from initial characterization to their application in the production of various biopreparations. This study investigates the revitalization of the virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain "T-53" in developing chicken embryos (DCE) and evaluates its pathogenic activity in chicks.After nine years of storage, the biological activity of the "T-53" NDV strain declined to 1.74 lg EID50/ml. Following three successive passages in DCE, the biological activity of the strain was restored to a level suitable for long-term storage. The virus-containing suspension produced was subsequently lyophilized with the addition of a protective medium in accordance with the strain's passport specifications. The quality of the lyophilized strain was evaluated using several key parameters, including appearance, absence of foreign impurities, mold, and ampoule cracks, presence of vacuum, solubility, pH value, moisture content, sterility against bacterial, fungal, and mycoplasmal contaminants, biological activity, and pathogenicity.The findings confirmed that the physicochemical and biological properties of the revitalized "T- 53" NDV strain correspond to the specifications outlined in its passport, ensuring its suitability for further use and long-term preservation.

Cowpox virus, belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus , is widely used as a model for studying orthopoxvirus infections. Despite the availability of data on the susceptibility of different animal species, its assessment under standardized experimental conditions remains limited. The aim of this study was to assess the susceptibility of laboratory animals to cowpox virus and to substantiate the selection of an optimal experimental model. The epizootic strain “COWPOX-CAM” of cowpox virus was used in this study. White mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits were employed as experimental models and infected via the intradermal route. Clinical observations were performed, and the course of the infectious process and the development of pathological changes were evaluated. In guinea pigs, the infection was mild and not associated with mortality. In white mice, the clinical manifestations of infection were mild and were not accompanied by the development of characteristic skin lesions. In rabbits, a pronounced clinical course was observed, including both local and systemic manifestations of infection. The results obtained indicate that rabbits demonstrate the highest susceptibility to cowpox virus and can be considered the most appropriate experimental model for studying the pathogenesis of infection and evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and therapeutic agents.