China’s rapid population aging, coupled with the migration of young rural laborers to cities, has made “elderly agriculture” a defining feature of rural life, making agricultural land transition critical for shifting from fragmented smallholder farming toward modern, mechanized agriculture. Using two-period pooled cross-sectional data from the China Social Survey (2015 and 2021), this study uses Logit models together with a battery of robustness checks to examine how household aging shapes farm households’ land transfer-out behavior, and compares the aging–land transfer-out association across the 2015 and 2021 survey waves to examine its temporal heterogeneity. We find that (1) household aging is significantly and positively associated with land transfer-out, and this association is robust across model specifications; (2) the association is stronger among low-income and marginally stronger among low-education households; and (3) the aging–transfer-out association does not differ significantly across the two waves (p = 0.460), although the overall transfer-out rate nearly doubled over this period—a pattern consistent with, though not exclusively attributable to, the maturation of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS).