One of the pathogen that infect rice is white tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi).A. besseyiis a seed-borne pathogen that can cause yield losses 30% to 50%. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to have an effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly control method. The purpose of the research was to study effectiveness of chitosan in controlling white tip nematodes. The experimental design used in this research was completely randomized design. The chitosan concentrations used in this experiment were 0% (control), 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. Seeds of each treatment were soaked for 15 min. Each treatment was replicated 5 times, with 25 seeds being used for each replication. Observations including the most effective soaking period, seeds germination, nematodes population, and symptom of morphological damage caused by nematodes. Observations of seed viability were carried out using paper rolls test and directly counting population of nematodes using stereo microscope. The best treatment concentration was determined by % seeds germination and lowest nematodes population. The result showed that chitosan with concentration 0.25% was effective to controlA. besseyiand not significantly different with hot water treatment which is an effective control method to controlA. besseyito date. The treatment was also did not adversely affect to seed germination.

Detection and Identification Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) in Sugar Beet Using DNA Barcoding Method Nematode identification based on morphological characters requires high accuracy and needs to be supported by molecular identification results. One method of molecular identification is DNA barcodes. DNA barcode is a molecular identification using the cythochrome oxidase sub unit 1 (CO1) gene. This study aims to identify NPA associated with beetroot based on PCR and Meloidogyne CO1 nucleotide gene sequencing. Beetroot samples were obtained from agricultural land located in Cipanas District, Cianjur Regency, West Java. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. Morphological identification by observing the perineal pattern of female NPA. Molecular identification includes extraction, amplification, DNA visualization, nucleotide and phylogenetic analysis. Morphological perineal pattern observations obtained M. incognita and M. arenaria species. DNA amplification was carried out using CO1SIF (5’-GCCTGCATTTGGTTAG-‘3) and CO1SIR (5’-TCAAACCAGTCCT-‘3), CO1SAF (5’-GGGTACTGGATGAACATTA-‘3) and CO1SAR (5’-ACTTCAGGATGACCAAA-‘3). DNA amplification succeeded in getting a DNA band measuring ± 360 for M. arenaria and ± 326 for M. incognita. The sequencing results showed that M. incognita isolates from Indonesia were closely related to M. incognita isolates from China, US, UK, and Vietnam with a 100% homology level. The results of the phylogeny analysis showed that M. incognita Indonesia was still in the same group as M. incognita from China, US, UK, and Vietnam. M. arenaria isolates were closely related to M. arenaria isolates from Argentina and US with a homology level of 100%. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that M. arenaria from Indonesia was still in the same group as M. arenaria from Argentina and US.

Plant Parasitic Nematode of Strawberry in Ciwidey-West Java Strawberry is a horticultural crop that is widely cultivated in the highlands. One of the obstacles in strawberry production is plant parasitic nematode infection. Ciwidey District is one of the strawberry production centers in Bandung Regency, West Java Province. Several strawberry farms in Ciwidey showed symptoms of nematode infection, which affect the roots and crowns of the plants. There is limited reports of plant parasitic nematodes on strawberry plants in Indonesia , therefore this study was initiated to identify the genera of nematodes associated with strawberries and measure their abundance. Plant samples were taken by a purposive sampling method on symptomatic plants. Soil samples were extracted by centrifugation floatation method, root samples by fogging method; while leaf samples were cut into pieces, soaked in a cup, then incubated in the refrigerator for 24 hours. Nematodes were identified and their abundance was counted. Symptoms of plant parasitic nematode on the strawberry plant canopy involved stunted growth, reddened leaves, curled or wrinkled small leaves, and chlorosis. Symptoms on the roots are in the form of root lesions, shortened roots, reduced number of roots, swelling at the tip of the root, and root galls. Six species of nematodes were identified from all samples, i.e. Aphelenchoides besseyi, A. bicaudatus, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus sp., Scutellonema sp., and Tylenchus sp. The abundance of nematodes found varied between 1–42 nematodes per 100 mL-1 soil and 2–29 nematodes per 5 g root-1. Among the nematodes found, Scutellonema was the first nematode reported to be associated with strawberry plants in Indonesia.

Mass Rearing of Foliar Nematode Aphlenchoides fragariae on Fungal Culture This research investigated the in vitro cultivation of the foliar nematode Aphelenchoides fragariae, which can feed on both plants and fungi. As there was no prior information available in Indonesia, this study aimed to establish an efficient method for mass rearing, thereby supporting future research. Five fungal cultures i.e. Alternaria porri, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Pythium sp., and Rhizopus sp. grown in potato dextrose agar were evaluated as potential growing media at three different temperatures: 16, 28, and 37 ℃. Nematodes were surface-sterilized with streptomycin sulfat 0.1% before being introduced into the fungal cultures. Results showed that A. porri was the most favourable culture for A. fragariae reproduction, particularly at 28 ℃. Under these conditions, the average final population reached 407.8 nematodes per petri dish. Notably, A. fragariae failed to thrive at 37 ℃ in all tested fungal media. This suggests that the optimal temperature for its reproduction ranges between 16 and 28 ℃. This study provides valuable insights into the in vitro cultivation of A. fragariae, paving the way for further research utilizing this nematode species.

Kopi Robusta menjadi salah satu komoditas penting yang menjadi sumber pendapatan devisa Indonesia. Keberadaan fitonematoda pada tanaman kopi Robusta menjadi salah satu hambatan dalam peningkatan produktivitas tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui komunitas dan persebaran horizontal fitonematoda pada kebun kopi Robusta di Bogor berdasarkan derajat kesehatan tanaman. Pengambilan sampel tanaman dilakukan secara purposif dari tanaman bergejala, tanaman antara, dan tanaman tidak bergejala di Kecamatan Sukamakmur dan Babakan Madang. Ekstraksi nematoda dari sampel tanah dilakukan menggunakan metode flotasi sentrifugasi, sedangkan dari akar menggunakan metode ruang kabut (mist chamber). Identifikasi nematoda dilakukan berdasarkan karakter morfologi. Perhitungan populasi absolut, frekuensi absolut, nilai prominensi (NP), dan indeks populasi dilakukan untuk menentukan fitonematoda penting. Delapan genus fitonematoda, yaitu Criconemella, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Tylenchus, dan Xiphinema berhasil diidentifikasi. Secara umum Pratylenchus dan Rotylenchulus menjadi fitonematoda dominan pada pertanaman kopi Robusta. Nilai prominensi fitonematoda dua tertinggi adalah Pratylenchus sebesar 98,00 dan Rotylenchulus sebesar 194,33. Pola persebaran horizontal populasi fitonematoda belum dapat ditentukan secara jelas, karena hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antar derajat kesehatan tanaman. Temuan ini menjadi informasi dasar untuk penyusunan strategi pengelolaan fitonematoda pada tanaman kopi Robusta, khususnya di wilayah Bogor dan daerah dengan agroekosistem serupa.