The objective of this paper is to show the first results obtained with a gas sensor made of Au-functionalized WO3 nanoneedles working under a closed-loop control designed to reduce its time response. The average temperature applied to the sensor is modulated to keep constant the average surface potential of the sensing nanostructures. This is done by periodically monitoring the resistivity of the sensing layer and generating temperature waveforms that enforce the condition: constant resistivity of the sensing layer at a reference temperature. Changes induced by the target gases must be compensated by changes in the average temperature being applied to the sensing layer. This signal, the average temperature applied to the sensor, is the new sensor output.Preprin

A novel wind speed and direction sensor designed for the atmosphere of Mars is described. It is based on a spherical shell divided into four triangular sectors according to the central projection of tetrahedron onto the surface of the unit sphere. Each sector is individually controlled to be heated above the ambient temperature independently of the wind velocity and incidence angle. A convection heat rate model of four hot spherical triangles under forced wind has been built with finite element method thermal-fluidic simulations. The angular sensitivity of the tetrahedral sphere structure has been theoretically determined and compared with the tessellation of the sphere by four biangles. A 9-mm-diameter prototype has been assembled using 3-D printing of the spherical shell housing in the interior commercial platinum resistors connected to an extension of a custom design printed board. Measurements in Martian-like atmosphere demonstrate sensor responsiveness to the flow in the velocity range 1-13 m/s at 10-mBar CO ₂ pressure. Numerical modelization of the sensor behavior allows to devise an inverse algorithm to retrieve the wind direction data from the raw measurements of the power delivered to each spherical sector. The functionality of the inverse algorithm is also demonstrated.