Nowadays Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an emerging area of research to provide various communication services to end users. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organizing wireless networks where nodes communicate with each other without a fixed infrastructure. Due to their unique characteristics, such as mobility, autonomy, and ad hoc connectivity, MANETs have become increasingly popular in various applications, including military, emergency response, and disaster management. However, the lack of infrastructure and dynamic topology of MANETs pose significant challenges to designing a secure and efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes an adaptive, secure, and efficient routing protocol that can enhance the performance of MANET. The proposed protocol incorporates various security mechanisms, including authentication, encryption, key management, and intrusion detection, to ensure secure routing. Additionally, the protocol considers energy consumption, network load, packet delivery fraction, route acquisition latency, packets dropped and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of the applications to optimize network performance. Overall, the secure routing protocol for MANET should provide a reliable and secure communication environment that can adapt to the dynamic nature of the network. The protocol should ensure that messages are delivered securely and efficiently to the intended destination, while minimizing the risk of attacks and preserving the network resources Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol outperforms existing routing protocols in terms of network performance and security. The proposed protocol can facilitate the deployment of various applications in MANET while maintaining security and efficiency.

Pests are a significant challenge in paddy cultivation, resulting in a global loss of approximately 20 % of rice yield. Early detection of paddy insects can help to save these potential losses. Several ways have been suggested for identifying and categorizing insects in paddy fields, employing a range of advanced, noninvasive, and portable technologies. However, none of these systems have successfully incorporated feature optimization techniques with Deep Learning and Machine Learning. Hence, the current research provided a framework utilizing these techniques to detect and categorize images of paddy insects promptly. Initially, the suggested research will gather the image dataset and categorize it into two groups: one without paddy insects and the other with paddy insects. Furthermore, various pre-processing techniques, such as augmentation and image filtering, will be applied to enhance the quality of the dataset and eliminate any unwanted noise. To determine and analyze the deep characteristics of an image, the suggested architecture will incorporate 5 pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network models. Following that, feature selection techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and an optimization algorithm called Lion Optimization, were utilized in order to further reduce the redundant number of features that were collected for the study. Subsequently, the process of identifying the paddy insects will be carried out by employing 7 ML algorithms. Finally, a set of experimental data analysis has been conducted to achieve the objectives, and the proposed approach demonstrates that the extracted feature vectors of ResNet50 with Logistic Regression and PCA have achieved the highest accuracy, precisely 99.28 %. However, the present idea will significantly impact how paddy insects are diagnosed in the field.

Seasonal vegetables play a crucial role in both nutrition and commerce in Bangladesh. Recognizing this significance, our research introduces the 'SeasVeg' dataset, comprising images of ten varieties of seasonal vegetables sourced from Dhaka and Pabna regions. These include Carica papaya, Momordica dioica, Abelmoschus esculentus, Lablab purpureus, Trichosanthes cucumerina, Trichosanthes dioica, Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica oleracea, Momordica charantia, and Raphanus sativus. Our dataset encompasses 4500 images, 1500 original and 3000 augmented, meticulously captured under natural light conditions to ensure authenticity. While our primary focus lies in leveraging machine learning and deep learning techniques for advancements in agriculture science, particularly in aiding healthcare aspects with seasonal vegetables and nutrition's, we acknowledge the versatile utility of our dataset. Beyond healthcare, it serves as a valuable educational resource, facilitating children's and toddlers' learning to identify these vital vegetables. This dual functionality broadens the dataset's appeal and underscores its societal impact beyond the realm of healthcare. Besides, the research culminates in the implementation of machine learning models, achieving noteworthy accuracy. We get the highest 99 % accuracy with the ResNet50 pre-trained CNN model and a good 94 % accuracy with the InceptionV3 pre-trained CNN model when it comes to the computer-aided vegetable classification. However, the 'SeasVeg' dataset represents not only a significant stride in healthcare innovation but also a promising tool for educational endeavors, catering to diverse stakeholders and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration.

Acoustic data serves as a fundamental cornerstone in advancing scientific and engineering understanding across diverse disciplines, spanning biology, communications, and ocean and Earth science. This inquiry meticulously explores recent advancements and transformative potential within the domain of acoustics, specifically focusing on machine learning (ML) and deep learning. ML, comprising an extensive array of statistical techniques, proves indispensable for autonomously discerning and leveraging patterns within data. In contrast to traditional acoustics and signal processing, ML adopts a data-driven approach, unveiling intricate relationships between features and desired labels or actions, as well as among features themselves, given ample training data. The application of ML to expansive sets of training data facilitates the discovery of models elucidating complex acoustic phenomena such as human speech and reverberation. The dynamic evolution of ML in acoustics yields compelling results and holds substantial promise for the future. The advent of electronic stethoscopes and analogous recording and data logging devices has expanded the application of acoustic signal processing concepts to the analysis of bowel sounds. This paper critically reviews existing literature on acoustic signal processing for bowel sound analysis, outlining fundamental approaches and applicable machine learning principles. It chronicles historical progress in signal processing techniques that have facilitated the extraction of valuable information from bowel sounds, emphasizing advancements in noise reduction, segmentation, signal enhancement, feature extraction, sound localization, and machine learning techniques. This underscores the evolution in bowel sound analysis. The integration of advanced acoustic signal processing, coupled with innovative machine learning methods and artificial intelligence, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing the interpretation of acoustic information emanating from the bowel. This study initiates by introducing ML and subsequently delineates its developments within five key acoustics research domains: speech processing, ocean acoustics, bioacoustics, environmental acoustics, and Bowel Sound Analysis in everyday scenes.