The metabolism of tumors and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can affect the fate of cancer and immune responses. Metabolic reprogramming can occur following the activation of metabolic-related signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Moreover, various tumor-derived immunosuppressive metabolites following metabolic reprogramming also affect antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that intervention in the metabolic pathways of tumors or immune cells can be an attractive and novel treatment option for cancer. For instance, administrating inhibitors of various signaling pathways, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), can improve T cell-mediated antitumor immune responses. However, dual pathway inhibitors can significantly suppress tumor growth more than they inhibit each pathway separately. This review discusses the latest metabolic interventions by dual pathway inhibitors as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this therapeutic approach.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease driven by a combination of genetic predisposition, epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, aberrant neuroinflammatory signaling, and environmental factors. Genetic defects in barrier-related molecules, particularly loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin (FLG), represent key heritable determinants of impaired epidermal integrity and enhanced allergen penetration. In recent years, advances in the understanding of its molecular pathogenesis have progressively shifted the therapeutic paradigm from conventional broad-spectrum immunosuppression toward precision-targeted interventions aimed at key inflammatory pathways, substantially transforming disease management in patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Current evidence indicates that type 2 immune inflammation remains a central pathogenic axis in AD. Key mediators, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-31, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the Janus kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, collectively contribute to epidermal barrier disruption, inflammatory amplification, and the itch–scratch cycle. Based on these mechanisms, a range of biologics and small-molecule targeted therapies—including IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) antagonists, IL-13 monoclonal antibodies, IL-31 pathway inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, and emerging OX40/OX40L modulatory strategies—have demonstrated significant efficacy in randomized controlled trials and real-world studies, thereby ushering AD into a mechanism-driven therapeutic era. However, targeted therapies still face critical challenges, including heterogeneous treatment responses, insufficient long-term safety data, limited stratification of disease endotypes, and disparities in treatment accessibility. Increasing evidence suggests that therapeutic response is more closely associated with immunological endotypes than traditional clinical phenotypes, and that single-pathway blockade alone is insufficient to achieve durable disease modification. This review systematically summarizes the key pathogenic mechanisms of AD, current targeted therapeutic strategies, and their clinical translation progress, with a particular focus on existing therapeutic challenges and future directions. Ultimately, integration of biomarkers, multi-omics profiling, real-world evidence, and artificial intelligence–assisted decision-making may facilitate the development of endotype-based precision treatment frameworks, enabling a shift from disease control toward sustained remission and true disease modification.