Uranium nitride (UN) is considered a promising candidate material for advanced nuclear fuels in Generation IV reactors due to its high thermal conductivity and excellent fission product retention capability. However, the surface corrosion behavior of UN in oxygen-containing environments severely limits its practical application. In this work, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) were employed to systematically investigate the adsorption and dissociation behaviors of O₂ molecules and O atoms on the UN(100), (110), and (111) surfaces. The electronic structure mechanisms underlying the adsorption were elucidated through analysis of surface work function, projected density of states (PDOS), Bader charge, and charge density difference. The calculated results show that O₂ molecules undergo thermodynamically highly favorable dissociative chemisorption on all three UN surfaces at 0 K, with the O–O bond length stretched to 1.44–1.50 Å, characteristic of a peroxo-like (O₂²⁻) species, which is intermediate between the superoxide (O₂⁻, ~1.33 Å) and complete dissociation. The most stable adsorption configurations on each surface are: (100)-H site (−4.05 eV), (110)-B(2) site (−4.81 eV), and (111)-H site (−5.03 eV), with the adsorption strength governed by the surface coordination environment. The adsorption energies of O atoms (−4.5 to −8.2 eV) are significantly higher than those of O₂ molecules. The order of the most stable O atom adsorption sites is (110)-B(2) site (−8.22 eV) > (100)-H site (−6.97 eV) > (111)-T(U) site (−5.09 eV), which differs from that of O₂, revealing the efficient O atom trapping effect of the groove structure on the (110) surface. Electronic structure analysis indicates that upon O atom adsorption, the work functions of the (100) and (110) surfaces increase by 0.62 eV and 0.39 eV, respectively, while that of the (111) surface decreases by 0.57 eV, suggesting that the (111) surface is more susceptible to further oxidation. In terms of bonding mechanisms, the interaction between O and U is primarily dominated by p–d hybridization between O-2p and U-6d orbitals. The U-5f orbital participates indirectly through f–d coupling with U-6d, while direct p–f hybridization is enhanced in the case of isolated O atom adsorption. This study provides an atomic-scale theoretical basis for understanding the initial oxidation mechanism of UN surfaces and offers important guidance for the surface protection design of UN-based nuclear fuels.

Discrete multi-speed operation makes bolt-loosening diagnosis difficult because rotation-related spectral components shift with RPM. This study proposes an order-normalized multi-sensor feature representation for 16-case bolt-loosening localization under a leakage-aware temporal evaluation protocol. On a four-bolt vibration dataset measured at 800, 1,000, and 1,200 RPM, the proposed features improve window-level accuracy from 55.3 ± 0.6% to 73.2 ± 0.4%, and record-level aggregation further reaches 87.5%. Feature diagnostics show that order-domain terms provide the main discriminative information, while unseen-speed tests indicate that the method is currently limited to calibrated speed ranges.