Visceral adiposity index (VAI), a novel sex-specific index for visceral fat measurement, has been proposed recently. We evaluate the efficacy of VAI in identifying diabetes risk in Chinese people, and compare the predictive ability between VAI and other body fatness indices, i.e., waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and waist- to- height ratio (WHtR). Participants (n = 3,461) were recruited from an ongoing cohort study in Jiangsu Province, China. Hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) between diabetes risk and different body fatness indices were evaluated by Cox proportional hazard regression model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) were applied to compare the ability of identifying diabetes risk between VAI, WC, WHtR and BMI. A total number of 160 new diabetic cases occurred during the follow-up, with an incidence of 4.6%. Significant positive associations were observed for VAI with blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, WC, BMI and WHtR. Moreover, increased VAI was observed to be associated with higher diabetes risk with a positive dose–response trend (p for trend < 0.001). As compared to individuals with the lowest VAI, those who had the highest VAI were at 2.55-fold risk of diabetes (95% CI: 1.58-4.11). The largest AUC was observed for VAI, following by WC, WHtR and BMI. VAI is positively associated with the risk of diabetes. Compared to other indices for body fatness measurements, VAI is a better and convenience surrogate marker for visceral adipose measurement and could be used in identifying the risk of diabetes in large-scale epidemiologic studies.

Despite coverage of two doses of mumps-containing vaccines, mumps epidemics persist among children and young adults in China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Jiangsu Province, with a particular focus on breakthrough cases among high-incidence groups. Mumps cases reported in 2023 were systematically collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance and Reporting System. A comprehensive descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed to elucidate the characteristics of the reported cases. A joinpoint regression (JPR) model was utilized to identify the temporal trends across various periods. Subsequently, immunization information for cases under 15 years of age was obtained through the Jiangsu Province Vaccination Integrated Service Management Information System to identify breakthrough cases and conduct exploratory analyses. A total of 4142 mumps cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2023, yielding an annual incidence rate of 4.86/100,000. A total of 81.75% of the cases were students and childcare children, and the gender ratio was 1.5:1 (male/female). The JPR model analysis of weekly reported cases identified five distinct trend segments (1st: 1–8, weekly percent change (WPC) = 26.67 *; 2nd: 9–28, WPC = 3.11 *; 3rd: 29–34, WPC = −5.31; 4th: 35–37, WPC = 15.48; 5th: 38–52, WPC = −4.06 *), and the gender subgroups demonstrated similar trends to the overall pattern. Notably, 89.14% (3692/4142) of the total cases were among individuals under 15 years, with 96.02% (3545/3692) having been vaccinated against mumps. The number of single-dose breakthrough cases (SdBCs) was approximately fourfold (2847/698) that of two-dose breakthrough cases (TdBCs). The main population composition of TdBCs was children aged 0–5 years old, and the classification was dominated by childcare children and scattered children. The median time interval between initial immunization and onset were shorter in TdBCs than in the SdBCs group, and the median time interval between the last immunization and onset was interestingly similarly shorter. However, these situations were interestingly reversed in 105 laboratory-confirmed breakthrough cases. Therefore, the current vaccination strategies have demonstrated tangible effectiveness in preventing and controlling mumps. However, the high incidence of breakthrough cases among high-risk pediatric populations indicates that mumps immunization strategies still deserve more attention and research for better herd protection.

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations and hospitalization-related factors among children with pertussis, and to provide scientific support for pertussis prevention, control, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Methods: From January through May 2024, children aged 0–6 years with a confirmed diagnosis of pertussis at tertiary hospitals and children’s hospitals in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this investigation. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to explore the clinical characteristics of the children, with stratification by age, immunization status, time from onset to diagnosis, and visit type. Logistic regression analysis was applied to identify factors associated with hospitalization. Results: In total, 3361 children were recruited, with the 6-year age group accounting for the highest proportion (35.4%). Severe symptoms such as apnea and cyanosis were more common in infants aged 0–5 months. Children who received four doses of the pertussis vaccine had significantly lower rates of paroxysmal cough, vomiting, cyanosis and apnea than unvaccinated children (p < 0.001). Delayed diagnosis (≥15 days after onset) was found in 26.89% of children, who had a higher prevalence of vomiting and cyanosis. The prevalence of all clinical symptoms was higher in hospitalized children than in outpatients. Age 0–2 months, delayed diagnosis, cyanosis, paroxysmal cough, and fever were positively associated with hospitalization, whereas receipt of ≥1 dose was negatively associated with hospitalization. Conclusions: Infants ≤2 months are at high risk for severe pertussis and hospitalization. Early diagnosis, timely vaccination, and close monitoring of children presenting with cyanosis, paroxysmal cough, and fever are critical to reducing pertussis-related hospitalization risk, especially in infants.