Background: Since 2013, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of preprint servers. Little is known about the position of researchers, funders, research performing organisations and other stakeholders with respect to this fast-paced landscape. In this article, we explore the perceived benefits and challenges of preprint posting, alongside issues including infrastructure and financial sustainability. We also discuss the definition of a ‘preprint’ in different communities, and the impact this has on uptake. Methods: This study is based on 38 semi-structured interviews of key stakeholders, based on a purposive heterogeneous sampling approach and undertaken between October 2018 and January 2019. Interviewees were primarily drawn from biology, chemistry and psychology, where use of preprints is growing. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis to identify trends. Interview questions were designed based on Innovation Diffusion Theory, which was also used to interpret our results. Results: Participants were conscious of the rising prominence of preprints and cited early and fast dissemination as their most appealing feature. Preprints were also considered to enable broader access to scientific literature and increased opportunities for informal commenting. The main concerns related to the lack of quality assurance and the ‘Ingelfinger rule’. We identified trust as an essential factor in preprint posting, and highlight the enabling role of Twitter in showcasing preprints. Conclusions: The preprints landscape is evolving fast, and disciplinary communities are at different stages in the innovation diffusion process. The landscape is characterised by experimentation, which leads to the conclusion that a one-size-fits-all approach to preprints is not feasible. Cooperation and active engagement between the stakeholders involved will play an important role going forward. We share questions for the further development of the preprints landscape, with the most important being whether preprint posting will develop as a publisher- or researcher-centric practice.

Current energy-harvesting pavements do not have the features needed for large-scale applications. For example, the use of water as an operating fluid may create problems with the pavement structure if leakage occurs. Moreover, the design of such systems is not trivial, as the systems need auxiliary machinery to work (e.g., pumps or additional heaters to control the temperature of the working fluid). These problems can be solved if air is used as the operating fluid. This paper presents the prototype of an energy-harvesting pavement that uses air as the operating fluid and has been built, tested, and analyzed. The prototype consists of a set of pipes buried in an aggregate layer that is covered by a layer of a dense asphalt mixture. The pipes are connected to an updraft chimney. The pavement surface is irradiated with infrared light; thus, heat travels through the layers until it reaches the air in the pipes. Through natural convection, air flows through the chimney. The prototype provides satisfactory thermal properties that show a noticeable withdrawal of energy. The performance of the prototype is heavily influenced by the height of the chimney. Moreover, an air mass flow ranging from 0 (obstructed pipes) to 0.5 m/s (chimney 1 m high) is measured. Analysis of the results shows that the prototype proved useful in reducing the urban heat island effect by lowering the pavement surface temperature by more than 6°C.