Introduction: Endometriosis is defined by the presence of functional endometrial tissue outside the uterus, where it is normally located. Endometriosis could has intra and extra pelvic localization. Abdominal endometriosis is the most common localization of extrapelvic endometriosis and is usually developed in the connective tissue surrounding the operation. Very rarely this could be found in the muscle tissue. The mechanical transplantation theory is responsible for the development of scar endometriosis. Case report: The patient, 35 years old, three years after caesarian section had an operation because of the assumption for the presence of front abdominal hernia, located at the place of previous section. The egg-sized tumor was removed from the abdominal rectus muscle and sent for PH and immunohistochemical analyses. The results showed endometriosis of the muscle with positive estrogen and progesterone receptors. One year after the operation, due to the repeated pains in the scar area, the treatment continued by GNRH analogues and control was performed by serial ultrasound and biochemical markers CA 125. Conclusion: Clinical diagnoses of scar endometriosis could be provided by an accurate anamnesis and physical, ultrasound and biochemical examinations. Scar endometriosis should always be considered when the symptoms are present in cyclic manner, hormone depending, mostly after gynecological operations and worsening during menstruation. The problem was diagnosed by pathohistological analyses (Fig. 4, Ref. 20) . Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk .

Introduction: Multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions in the same person, represents a major challenge for modern health systems due to its association with adverse health outcomes, increased mortality, and high healthcare utilization. We aimed to assess the prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population of Serbia and examine its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors and healthcare utilization. Methodology: Data were drawn from the 2019 Serbian National Health Survey. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and independent-samples t-tests, as well as univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, were performed to examine the associations. Results: The study included 12,439 adults—48.5% men and 51.5% women (mean age: 52.83 ± 17.69). Multimorbidity was present in 35.2% of participants. It was significantly more frequent among women than men (39.65% vs. 30.53%, p < 0.001) and increased markedly with age, reaching 68.63% among individuals aged ≥80 years. Participants with multimorbidity were significantly older than those without it (p < 0.001). Higher prevalence was observed among widowed individuals, participants with lower education, economically inactive persons, those with poorer material status, and residents of Southern and Eastern Serbia (all p < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis confirmed independent associations between multimorbidity and female sex, older age, lower education, poorer socioeconomic status, and regional disparities. Multimorbidity was a strong predictor of healthcare utilization. Individuals with multimorbidity were significantly more likely to use inpatient and day hospital services, visit specialist physicians, use prescribed medications, and receive home care (all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Multimorbidity affects more than one-third of adults in Serbia and is strongly associated with demographic and socioeconomic disadvantage. It substantially increases healthcare utilization, underscoring the need for integrated, patient-centered care and targeted public health interventions.

Background and Objectives: Urban–rural health disparities reflect differences in health outcomes, healthcare access, and socio-economic conditions between populations. In Serbia, limited research has quantified how socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics influence settlement type and healthcare utilization. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between settlement type and socio-demographic/socio-economic factors, and to assess whether these differences are reflected in patterns of healthcare utilization. Materials and Methods: Data were drawn from the 2019 Serbian National Health Survey, a nationally representative, stratified, two-stage random sample including 12,439 adults aged ≥20 years. Settlement type (urban vs. rural) was the primary dependent variable. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-tests, and bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess associations. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Urban residence was more likely among unmarried individuals, those living in Šumadija/Central Serbia, and those with higher education. Primary or lower education reduced the odds of urban residence, and middle-income groups were less likely to live in urban areas compared to the richest. Settlement type was not significantly associated with hospital or day hospital use. However, rural residents had lower use of prescribed medicines, higher use of non-prescribed medicines, and more frequent physiotherapy visits. Private practice use was over twice as likely in urban settlements. Conclusions: To address urban–rural healthcare disparities in Serbia, targeted strategies could include enhancing health literacy in rural areas, incentivizing physicians to work in underserved regions, expanding telemedicine and mobile health services, improving access to prescribed medications, and strengthening public–private healthcare integration to ensure equitable access across all settlement types.

Background/Objectives: Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide and represents a major public health challenge in Serbia. Continuous monitoring of mortality trends is essential for evaluating progress in cancer control and identifying population groups requiring targeted interventions. This study aimed to analyze temporal trends in mortality from all malignant neoplasms in the Republic of Serbia during the period 2000–2021 using Joinpoint regression analysis. Methods: A population-based descriptive epidemiological study was conducted using mortality data for all malignant neoplasms (ICD-10: C00–C97) obtained from the Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanović Batut”. Mortality trends were analyzed according to sex and age groups. Crude mortality rates, age-specific mortality rates, and age-standardized mortality rates (ASR) based on the Segi world standard population were calculated. Temporal changes were assessed using Joinpoint regression analysis, including annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). Results: Between 2000 and 2021, a total of 448,391 deaths from malignant neoplasms were recorded in Serbia, including 254,988 deaths among men (56.9%) and 193,403 among women (43.1%). The mean age-standardized mortality rate was 135.2 per 100,000 population, with substantially higher rates among men than women (196.9 vs. 105.3 per 100,000). The highest number of deaths occurred among individuals aged 70–74 years, whereas the highest age-specific mortality rates were observed among those aged 80–84 years. Joinpoint regression demonstrated an overall significant decline in age-standardized mortality (AAPC −0.31%; p<0.001). Among men, mortality increased from 2000 to 2008 (APC +1.17%) followed by a significant decline until 2021 (AAPC −0.48%; p<0.001). Among women, mortality increased between 2000 and 2008 and subsequently declined; however, the overall trend remained stable (AAPC +0.03%; p=0.698). Conclusions: Although age-standardized cancer mortality in Serbia showed a gradual decline between 2000 and 2021, malignant neoplasms remain a substantial public health burden, particularly among older adults and men. Persistent sex differences and slower improvement among women indicate the need for targeted prevention strategies, strengthened screening programs, earlier diagnosis, and equitable access to cancer care.