Finite element analysis and optimization design carry out for the quasi static responses of foam-filled double circular tube is presented in this paper. In the investigation of the crashworthiness capability, some aspects were considered for variations in geometry parameters of tubes and the loading condition to investigate the crashworthiness capability. Empty, foam-filled, and full foam-filled doublé tubes of thin walled structures were observed subjected to oblique impact (0˚ - 40˚). The numerical solution was used to determine the crashworthiness parameters. In addition, NSGA II and Radial Basis Function were used to optimize the crashworthiness capability of tubes. In conclution, the crash performaces of foam-filled double tube is better than the other structures in this work. The outcome that expected is the new design information of various kinds of cylindrical tubes for energy absorber application.

The effectiveness on solid waste management is a major importance to societies. Numerous generation of solid waste from our daily activities has risked for our communities. These due to rapid population grow and advance in economic development. Moreover, the complexity of solid waste management is inherently involved large scale, diverse and element of uncertainties that must assist stakeholders with deviating objectives. In this paper, we proposed a system dynamics simulation by developing a stock flow diagram to illustrate the solid waste generation process and waste recycle process. The analysis highlights the impact on increasing the number of population toward the amount of solid waste generated and the amount of recycled waste. The results show an increment in the number of population as well as the amount of recycled waste will decrease the amount of waste generated. It is positively represent the achievement of government aim to minimize the amount of waste to be disposed by year 2020.

The concern regarding desalination technology has been rising gradually for the last years because of the enlarged need for drinkable water worldwide. Yet, there are not many studies concerned assessing the seawater desalination supply chain (WDSC) from end to end. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to propose a framework which is intended to assess the performance of WDSC. Different desalination and supply chain performance criteria and metrics have been revised and distributed into financial, social, operation, and environmental perspective. The performance criteria and metrics have been further revised by a panel of experts using Delphi-AHP technique. A weight factor has been allocated to every perspective, criteria and metric based on its importance to the WDSC. The proposed framework could serve as a reference for the researchers in desalination industry. The proposed framework would be helpful for both academics and practitioners.Â

This paper presents the behaviour of fatigue damage extraction in fatigue strain histories of automotive components using the probabilistic approach. This is a consideration for the evaluation of fatigue damage extraction in automotive components under service loading that is vital in a reliability analysis. For the purpose of research work, two strain signals data are collected from a car coil spring during a road test. The fatigue strain signals are then extracted using the wavelet transform in order to extract the high amplitude segments that contribute to the fatigue damage. At this stage, the low amplitude segments are removed because of their minimal contribution to the fatigue damage. The fatigue damage based on all extracted segments is calculated using some significant strain-life models. Subsequently, the statistics-based Weibull distribution is applied to evaluate the fatigue damage extraction. It has been found that about 70% of the probability of failure occurs in the 1.0 x 10^-5 to 1.0 x 10^-4 damage range for both signals, while 90% of the probability of failure occurs in the 1.0 x 10^-4 to 1.0 x 10^-3 damage range. Lastly, it is suggested that the fatigue damage can be determined by the Weibull distribution analysis

The market has a significant demand for low-cost, compact size, extended fatigue life and high load-carrying capacity helical gears. One way to manufacture such gears is by minimizing gear volume and maximizing contact ratio. Most researchers focus on gear design optimization, but minimal study has been conducted to identify design variables that significantly impact gear volume and contact ratio. Hence, it is crucial to determine gear design parameters that strongly correlate with gear volume and contact ratio beforehand. A single-stage helical gear train of local electric multiple units (EMU) is used as the gear model, and the calculations are done based on ISO 6336. Seven parameters have been chosen as independent variables; module, number of teeth of pinion, gear ratio, helix angle, tooth thickness factor, normal pressure angle and addendum factor. Graphs of total gear volume and contact ratio against independent variables are plotted to examine their relationship. The results indicate that normal module, number of teeth of the pinion, and gear ratio strongly correlate with the total gear volume. Meanwhile, the number of teeth of pinion, helix angle, tooth thickness factor, normal pressure angle and addendum factor strongly correlate with contact ratio. Therefore, these design parameters must be considered to improve the accuracy of the gear design optimization model, which aims to optimize gear volume and contact ratio.

Background/Objectives: The present investigation was carried out to study the application of process control hierarchy to design an optimal control system for a two continuous stirred tank heaters in series (2-CSTHs). Methods/Statistical Analysis: The optimal control strategy of the 2-CSTHs is designed in a hierarchy of three level structures which employs optimization in the real-time optimization (RTO) control level, feedback control scheme in the regulating control level and sensors, pumps and control valves in the measurement and actuation level. All these levels should be coordinated and require information transfer. The proposed optimal control system of the 2-CSTHs was simulated using MATLAB/ SIMULINK and HYSYS. Findings: The simulation results show that the PID feedback closed-loop of the 2-CSTHs for level and temperature controllers are able to achieve satisfactory performance for servo and regulating control. Simulation on the RTO algorithm also yields results which indicate that the non-derivative technique is an efficient algorithm in minimizing the square of tracking error of temperature in both tanks of the 2-CSTHs. Application/Improvements: The non-derivative algorithm has the advantage over other algorithms in the family of ISOPE algorithm for not requiring process derivatives which make it attractive for industrial applications.