Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has gained attention in the research paradigm, and useful data is available in scattered form, necessitates comprehensive review to provide global insight into important research questions, i.e., micro-macro response, and environmental implications, keeping in view the future research directions. In this regard, the current article provides a comprehensive insight into LC3, focusing on its micro-macro mechanisms and critically examining different aspects such as chemical composition, hydration chemistry with special attention on phase assemblage, impacts of various salts and carbonation, rheological properties, mechanical behavior, high-temperature exposure, and compatibility with different admixtures. Additionally, this article explores the sustainable and environmentally friendly applications of LC3, with an emphasis on its economic and environmental advantages highlighted by pertinent data and lifecycle assessments (LCA). Comprehensive data was gathered from a micro-macro perspective considering SCMs from different regional sources, and comparisons were drawn with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Further, comparative economic and environmental aspects for different grades of LC3 and OPC were evaluated and analyzed considering energy demand, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency. The micro-macro characteristics of LC3 are found to be majorly dependent on its constituent, particularly clinker composition and alumina content in SCMs, which varies regionally. This review study outlines the critical research directions, i.e., enhancement of mechanical behavior and rheology, incorporation of super plasticizers and waste materials for resource conservation, and improvement of carbonation resistance for durability to make LC3 a sustainable and first-choice cement.

Civil engineering infrastructure like roads, bridges, railway tracks, and building structures constructed on fat clay becomes suspicious due to adverse change in the behavior of such soil on interaction with water. To solve such problems especially in underdeveloped countries, application of industrial waste like glass is associated with technical, financial, and environmental benefits. Emphasis of current study is to determine the consequences of powdered glass (GC) on mechanical behavior of fat clay. A fat clayey sample was collected from location of Nandipur, and glass was taken from local glass market in powdered form. Samples were remolded at optimum moisture content and maximum dry unit weight by mixing GC up to 14%. Soil classification tests, modified compaction tests, unconfined compression tests, one-dimensional consolidation tests, California bearing ratio (CBR) tests, and scanning electron microscope were performed. With increasing GC, the consistency limits, compression characteristics, swell characteristics, and optimum moisture content decreased while maximum dry unit weight, yield stress, CBR, and unconfined compression strength increased. Influence of GC is also observed on microstructure of treated clay. After 12% GC, aforementioned geotechnical characteristics behave inversely for selected clay. The optimum GC-value for the tested clay is about 12%, however, this value may vary from clay to clay.