Introduction and purpose of review: The term glycemic index (GI) is the measure of how much a specific substance increases the postprandial blood glucose level [1]. Substances with lower GI promote a lower glycemic response and are said to promote satiety, postprandial insulin secretion and maintain insulin sensitivity and therefore help to control blood glucose concentrations [2]. According to guidelines on the management of patients with diabetes, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients’ source of carbohydrates in diet should be whole grain cereal products especially with low GI [3]. Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, metabolic disease occurring mostly in adults. It leads to numerous chronic complications that include e.g. macroangiopathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and diabetic foot as well as vulnerability to infections [2]. These complications lower the quality of life, generate costs when treating them and eventually lead to death. Currently there are about 422 million people with diabetes worldwide and the number is expected to rise [3]. Therefore it is crucial for patients to maintain their blood glucose at stable levels to prevent progression of the disease and its complications. The glycemic response can be modified by implementing a low GI diet. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of selected strategies lowering the glycemic index and the probable mechanisms by which they work. Methods: For this review, articles in the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases were analyzed as well as the references of previously found articles. Current state of knowledge: Existing studies show that some strategies alter the glycemic index and glycemic response that can help diabetic patients to better control their glucose blood level. Summary: This review summarizes studies concerning methods of lowering the glycemic index and mechanisms of action of those specific methods.

Introduction and Purpose: Intermittent fasting (IF) has become a popular strategy for combating obesity and improving metabolic health. This dietary regimen alternates between periods of fasting and eating, aiming to enhance cellular health and increase longevity. With obesity rates doubling globally since 1990 and metabolic diseases on the rise, IF offers a potential solution by promoting metabolic benefits and reducing obesity-related conditions. Material and Method: This review examines various IF methods, including alternate-day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating. The analysis focuses on the impact of these fasting methods on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles, based on a compilation of studies that explore the physiological effects and health outcomes associated with IF. Results: IF has shown to be effective in reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters. Studies indicate significant benefits in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, with some variations across different IF protocols. Physiological insights reveal that IF leads to a metabolic switch from glucose-based to ketone-based energy, which plays a critical role in its effectiveness. Conclusions: Intermittent fasting appears to be a viable alternative to continuous calorie restriction for weight loss and metabolic enhancement. It not only aids in weight management but also offers additional health benefits such as improved insulin sensitivity and better lipid profiles. However, more long-term studies are needed to fully understand its benefits and potential risks. Future research should focus on optimizing fasting protocols and exploring their long-term effects on health and disease.

Introduction Migraine, a prevalent neurological disorder, is characterized by recurrent episodes of moderate to severe headache, often accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Triptans, which belong to the class of serotonin 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, are integral to the management of migraine, providing prompt relief from symptoms. Aim of the study To clarify how effective triptans are in treating migraines, highlighting their role in symptom relief and improving patients' quality of life Materials and methods The article is the result of a comprehensive analysis of present-day scientific literature, which has been collected from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The literature was systematically reviewed utilizing specific keywords. Results Studies consistently show high efficacy of triptans in treating acute migraines. These pharmaceuticals markedly alleviate pain and symptoms like nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia, providing substantial pain relief. Differences in triptan medications' onset and half-life affect their therapeutic duration and headache recurrence rate. The pharmacokinetic properties of each triptan significantly affect its efficacy and headache recurrence likelihood. Frovatriptan, with its long half-life, showed superior efficacy in reducing migraine recurrence. Conversely, rizatriptan, with its rapid action, offered quick pain relief. In clinical trials, all triptans showed favorable tolerability profiles. Reported adverse effects were generally mild. Conclusions Triptans are effective and safe for managing acute migraines. The diverse formulations and swift onset make these treatments essential for migraine management. Choose a triptan based on efficacy, safety, and patient preferences. More research is needed to improve triptan treatments for migraine, focusing on reducing headache recurrence and enhancing patient tolerability.

Introduction and purpose Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a medical conditions that affects more and more people every year. It is characterized by undue sweating without any temperature changes and significantly above the body’s thermoregulation needs. Primary hyperhidrosis is associated with genetic and psychological factors, as the etiology is not yet found. Treatment is aimed at the symptoms. Secondary hyperhidrosis happens as an adverse event of drugs taken by patient or is a part of neurological, endocrine or oncological diseases. Teratment should be focused on the main underlying disease. The quality of life of these patients is reduced and it affects their psychological health.This study inevstigates currently available methods of treatment. State of knowledge Various treatment options for hyperhidrosis range from topical aluminum salts for mild cases to oral anti-cholinergic agents for more severe conditions. Additional methods include iontophoresis, lasers like Nd:Yag, and botulinum toxin injections, known for their effectiveness. Surgical procedures such as Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy, local skin excision, liposuction-curettage are also available for severe cases. Consultation with a healthcare provider is crucial to determine the most suitable treatment based on individual needs and preferences. Conclusions Literature provides valuable insights into hyperhidrosis and its treatments, emphasizing the importance of patient expectations and safety. Starting with topical aluminum salts for mild cases, treatments need to be reapplied regularly. Surgical options are considered if conservative treatments fail, but they come with potential risks. Botulinum toxin injections stand out for their efficacy, quick procedure, and the convenience of one or two annual sessions, making them a popular choice in many aesthetic clinics. Consulting with healthcare professionals is key to selecting the most suitable treatment approach for individual needs.

Introduction and Aim of the Study: Apple cider vinegar (ACV) has been used for centuries in various cultural and medical contexts globally. This study seeks to explore ACV's traditional and contemporary applications, evaluating scientific evidence for its efficacy and safety. Material and Methods: This review synthesizes information from PubMed, Google Scholar, and other scientific sources. Key search terms included "apple cider vinegar," "apple cider vinegar medical use," "apple cider vinegar antimicrobial effect," "apple cider vinegar lipid profile," "apple cider vinegar glucose level," "apple cider vinegar preparation," and "apple cider vinegar historical use." Results: Research supports ACV's traditional role as a disinfectant, demonstrating effectiveness against a range of bacteria and fungi. Both animal and human studies suggest ACV may help lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels while boosting HDL cholesterol. Evidence indicates ACV can enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce blood glucose levels, offering benefits for type 2 diabetes management. ACV shows antioxidant properties, potential for lowering blood pressure, and use in certain skin diseases, though further research is needed to confirm these effects. Conclusions: The historical use of ACV in traditional medicine finds partial support in modern scientific research. Its antimicrobial, lipid-modulating, and glucose-regulating properties are documented, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health, weight management, and metabolic regulation. Nonetheless, the evidence for its cosmetic applications and impact on muscle cramps remains less definitive. Additional research involving larger, diverse populations is necessary to fully validate ACV's benefits and establish safe usage guidelines.