Missing data in hourly and daily temperature data series is a common problem in long-term data series and many observational networks. Agricultural and environmental models and climate-related tools can be used only if weather data series are complete. To support user communities, a technique for gap filling is developed based on the debiasing of ERA5 reanalysis data, the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate. The debiasing procedure includes in situ measured temperature. The methodology is tested for different landscapes, latitudes, and altitudes, including tropical and midlatitudes. An evaluation of results in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) obtained using hourly and daily data is provided. The study shows very low average RMSE for all gap lengths ranging from 1.1 °C (Montecristo, Italy) to 1.9 °C (Gumpenstein, Austria).

This study numerically investigates precipitation enhancement from cumuliform clouds in three different climate regions: (1) Arid climate of the United Arab Emirates (UAE); (2) maritime climate of Thailand; and (3) continental climate of Serbia. Recently developed core/shell sodium chloride (NaCl)/titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanostructure (CSNT) aerosol was tested as a precipitation enhancer in all three climate regions. Previous experimental studies in cloud chambers and idealized numerical simulations demonstrated that CSNT is a significantly more effective precipitation enhancer than the traditional NaCl. Here, CSNT and NaCl seeding agents are incorporated into the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model microphysics with explicate treatment of aerosol. Our results show that CSNT is a profoundly more effective precipitation enhancer in the case of arid climate characterized with low humidity. The accumulated surface precipitation in the arid test was 1.4 times larger if CSNT seeding agent was used instead of NaCl. The smallest difference in the effectiveness between CSNT and NaCl was observed in the maritime case due to their similar activation properties at high values of relative humidity.