Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming medical education and clinical practice, requiring digital, critical, and ethical competencies. This study aimed to assess medical students’ attitudes toward AI, including perceived benefits, risks, and use in medical training. Methods: A mixed-methods, descriptive study used an electronic questionnaire comprising sociodemographic data and 13 items adapted from the authorized Artificial Intelligence Attitude Scale. Responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale, with reverse-coding of negative items. Total and subscale scores for benefits, risks/threats, and use were calculated. Participants were medical students from the 1st to 6th years at the School of Medicine of Jundiaí (FMJ). Results: Among 436 students, attitudes toward AI were generally favorable. No significant gender difference was observed (p = 0.291), whereas scores differed significantly across training years (p = 0.025), with higher scores among advanced students. Despite recognizing AI’s benefits, students reported concerns regarding reliability, clinical autonomy, ethical implications, and gaps in practical knowledge. Conclusions: AI is positively perceived by medical students, particularly those in advanced years. These findings support structured AI integration into medical curricula to promote critical, ethical, and responsible use in medical education and future clinical practice.