Background: Oral symptoms and preventive dental-care practices during pregnancy remain insufficiently characterized in Romania. This study described self-reported oral manifestations, oral-hygiene practices, and dental attendance and explored their cross-sectional associations with gingival bleeding, dental pain, and perceived oral-health impact. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study included 101 pregnant women recruited at the Ginecho Clinic, Craiova, Romania, between October 2025 and July 2026. Participants completed a 21-item electronic questionnaire in the clinic with clarification available from the medical team. Oral conditions were self-reported/perceived rather than clinically diagnosed. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance; multivariable models simultaneously included preventive behaviors, maternal age, parity, and trimester. Results: Gingival bleeding (68.3%), gingival swelling (66.3%), and salivary-flow alterations (57.4%) were frequently reported. Most participants brushed once daily (66.3%), never used interdental cleaning (68.3%), and had not attended a dental visit during pregnancy (81.2%). In adjusted models, brushing at least twice daily was associated with lower prevalence of gingival bleeding (aPR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.32–0.97) and higher perceived oral-health impact (aPR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23–0.99). No preventive behavior was significantly associated with dental pain after simultaneous adjustment. Conclusions: Self-reported oral manifestations were common and preventive practices were limited in this convenience sample. These exploratory associations do not establish temporality or causality and require confirmation in prospective studies using validated instruments and clinical oral examinations.

Background: The rapid digitalisation of healthcare, the expanding use of artificial intelligence, and the development of cross-border medical services have significantly transformed medical practice. These developments have also intensified medico-legal risks and professional liability exposure for healthcare professionals. Despite these changes, legal education remains insufficiently integrated into medical training, creating a gap between regulatory requirements and clinical practice. Methods: This study is based on a narrative analysis of the international literature addressing medico-legal challenges in healthcare, including medical errors, malpractice litigation, patient safety, digital health, and artificial intelligence. Drawing on international regulatory standards and educational frameworks, a conceptual model was developed to support the integration of legal education into medical curricula. Results: The analysis highlights persistent deficiencies in legal literacy among healthcare professionals, regardless of speciality or level of experience. Evidence from the reviewed literature suggests an association between lower levels of legal knowledge and increased professional vulnerability, including reported malpractice litigation and patient safety incidents. The proposed conceptual framework outlines a structured and longitudinal approach to integrating legal education into medical training, based on horizontal and vertical curricular integration, alignment with regulatory standards, and continuous professional development. Conclusions: Integrating legal education into medical curricula may represent a relevant strategy for supporting patient safety, strengthening medico-legal risk awareness, and promoting professional accountability. The proposed framework offers a conceptual and adaptable structure for medical schools and healthcare institutions.

Background: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a severe adverse event associated with antiresorptive therapy, particularly bisphosphonates, and represents a significant challenge in oral and maxillofacial practice. This study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile, clinical presentation, and anatomical distribution of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) and to investigate potential associations between demographic variables and major underlying systemic diseases. Methods: A retrospective single-center observational study was performed using medical records collected between January 2020 and December 2025 at the Emergency County Clinical Hospital of Craiova. After data validation and removal of duplicate records, 121 patients diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the jaw were identified. Among them, 94 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria for BRONJ and were included in both the statistical and clinical analyses. Demographic characteristics, systemic diseases, bisphosphonate therapy, lesion localization, clinical manifestations, and statistical associations were evaluated using appropriate non-parametric and categorical statistical methods. Results: The final analytical sample comprised 94 patients with BRONJ associated with bisphosphonate therapy. Of these, 75 (79.8%) had received bisphosphonates for malignant disease and 19 (20.2%) for osteoporosis. The mandible was affected in 77% of patients, predominantly in the posterior premolar–molar region, whereas maxillary lesions mainly involved the posterior maxilla and maxillary tuberosity. Exposed necrotic bone was identified in all patients, while purulent discharge and oral fistulas were recorded in 37% and 35% of cases, respectively. Associations involving sex, age, residence, diabetes, hypertension, and other comorbidities were re-evaluated using the final 94-patient cohort. Conclusions: Among the BRONJ cases identified at this referral center, most patients had received bisphosphonate therapy for malignant disease, and lesions showed a marked predilection for the mandible, particularly its posterior region. These findings describe the clinical profile of the cases managed at our institution but do not permit estimation of BRONJ incidence or comparative risk between treatment regimens. The results support careful dental assessment before bisphosphonate therapy and multidisciplinary follow-up of patients receiving antiresorptive treatment.