The purpose of the research was to develop and scientifically substantiate the system of nutrition of winter triticale crops to optimize their production process and increase plant productivity in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine. The highest number of grains in the ear of the main and lateral...

Possible alternative raw materials for producing biodiesel fuel are as follows: Camelina sativa oil, fibre linseed oil and waste animal fat. The aim of this work was to analyse the emissions of the engine running on multi-component fuels containing fossil diesel fuel (D), linseed or Camelina sativa oil fatty acid methyl esters (LSME and CME respectively) and beef tallow (TME) fatty acid methyl esters. The concentration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the mixtures with fossil diesel fuel varied from 10% to 30%. The mass proportion of LSME (or CME) and TME in the mixtures was 1:4. The lowest NOxconcentration in exhaust gases was observed when the mixtures contained 10% of biofuel. For the mixtures containing CME and LSME, NOx concentrations reached 290 and 295 ppm respectively when the engine rotation speed was 1200 min−1 and 370 and 375 ppm respectively when rotation speed was 2000 min−1. CO concentration was the lowest when fuel contained 30% of the FAME mixture. HC concentration was slightly higher when the mixtures containing LSME were used relative to the mixtures containing CME. The amount of HC did not fluctuate considerably (195÷254 ppm) at rotation speeds between 1200 and 2000 min−1. Lower HC concentration was found in exhaust gas when the fuels containing 10% and 20% of biofuel were used. The lowest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was found when the mixtures contained 30% of biofuel made of LSME or CME corresponding to 30 µg/m3 and 38 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 1200 min−1 and 640 µg/m3 and 670 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 2000 min−1 respectively. The greatest amount of smokiness at a high rotation speed of 2000 min−1 was observed when the mixture contained 30% of multi-component biodiesel fuel. It was found that the fuel containing a mixture of 30% of LSME biofuel and 20% of CME biofuel had a small advantage.

Comparative charac­teristics of the growth and development of grain crops

Nanotechnology is seen as one of the key technologies in the twenty-first century, which promises to improve traditional agricultural practices and offer sustainable development by improving management and conservation tactics by reducing agricultural resources costs. The creation and implementation of new environmentally friendly and technological nano preparation designed to increase the efficiency of plant nutrient use from mineral fertilizers and soil - is one of the ways to increase crop yields and the quality of agricultural products. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment and fertilizing of sowings by nano preparation Avatar (micro fertilizer of carboxylates of natural acids), Iodis-concentrate (immunomodulator – a stimulator of growth processes), and Super Micro Plus (nanochelate fertilizer), and leaf apparatus formation of soybean Khorol variety. Field research was conducted in 2016–2020 in a stationary experiment at the NULES of Ukraine «Agronomic Research Station» in 10-field crop rotation and also in laboratory «Demonstration collection field of crops» of the Plant Science Department. As a result of the conducted researches, was established that the use of nano preparation Avatar, Iodis-concentrate, and Super Micro Plus for seed treatment and fertilizing intensified leaf surface formation and symbiotic apparatus activity of soybean plants. The obtained results confirm that the application of the complex of nano fertilizers Jodis-concentrate, Avatar, and nano-chelate fertilizer Super Micro Plus in the soybean fertilization helped to increase the yield, which indicates their unconditional effectiveness. The highest efficiency of nano fertilizers was shown by inoculation and seed treatment by Avatar with co-fertilizing Avatar +nano-chelate fertilizer Super Micro Plus, providing formation of 52.4 thousand m2/ha of leaf surface area of soybean variety Khorol, 69.7 pcs/plant tubers on the root system, 785 mg/plant of their weight and yield at the level of 2.79 t/ha.