Based on molecular networking-guided isolation, 15 previously undescribed hydrogenated phenanthrene glycosides, including eight hexahydro-phenanthrenone glycosides, four tetrahydro-phenanthrenone glycosides, one dihydro-phenanthrenol glycoside, two dimers, and two known dihydrophenanthrene glycosides, were isolated from Elatostema tenuicaudatum W.T.Wang, a popular regional edible vegetable at the northwest region of Vietnam. Their chemical structures were determined using extensive spectroscopic data: NMR and ECD calculations. Notably, the crude extract, along with compounds 5, 6, 8, and 14, demonstrated dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 220.5 ± 39.6 μg/mL, 141.7 ± 15.6, 151.2 ± 11.8, 107.9 ± 19.6, and 71.9 ± 8.9 μM, respectively. Molecular docking indicates compound 14 possesses the highest binding affinity with DPP-IV. Besides, compounds 1, 9, 11, and 14 exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2. These findings suggested that E. tenuicaudatum can serve as a beneficial vegetable for individuals at risk of diabetes and chronic liver disease.

Ten previously undescribed iridoid glycosides (1-10), including monoiridoids, hybrid iridoid-alkaloids, bis-iridoids, noriridoid-iridoid dimers, and tetramers, were isolated from the roots of Gomphandra mollis Merr. Structural elucidation revealed unique sugar chains not previously observed for iridoids and complex tetrameric configurations that are rare in nature. Compounds 9, 10, and 15 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 6.13 to 13.0 μM, and compounds 6, 7, and 11-13 showed notable hepatoprotective activity in HepG2 cells. Additionally, structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis on anti-inflammatory effects was also conducted. This study enriches the structural database of iridoids, particularly complex derivatives, and highlights their therapeutic potential in addressing inflammation-related and liver diseases.

Context: In Chinese medicine, and Ayurvedic, Andrographis paniculata is traditionally employed as a remedy for colds and influenza, particularly to alleviate fever linked with infectious illnesses like upper respiratory infections (URIs). Aims: To determine the potential anti-infective mechanisms of A. paniculata on upper respiratory infections through network pharmacology and docking modeling. Methods: Initially, active chemical constituents of A. paniculata were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Subsequently, the target genes of these active ingredients were determined by the UniProtKB database, while target genes related to upper respiratory infections were identified through the GeneCards database. The compound-target network of AP was constructed by the Cytoscape. The protein-protein interaction network was generated using the STRING database. Further analysis was conducted through the DAVID database, integrating Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses. Results: Twenty-two active components of A. paniculata and highlighted key pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and human cytomegalovirus infection are potentially crucial for URIs treatment. Additionally, target genes of A. paniculata, including TNF, IL6, AKT1, TP53, CXCL8, CASP3, and PTGS2, were identified as significant in regulating these biological processes and pathways. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into the mechanism of A. paniculata in treating URIs, laying the groundwork for further research in this area.

Background/Objectives: Formulating high-dose metformin hydrochloride film-coated tablets is challenging due to the poor flowability and compressibility inherent to high drug loading. To ensure process robustness and consistent product quality, understanding the impact of manufacturing variables is crucial. This study evaluated the effects of key process parameters on the quality attributes of 1000 mg metformin hydrochloride tablets to establish optimal processing conditions for reliable production. Methods: The manufacturing process, comprising wet granulation, compression, and film coating, was investigated to evaluate the influence of key process parameters on tablet quality attributes. Granules were characterized for bulk density, tapped density, and compressibility index. Core tablets were evaluated for physical appearance, weight variation, hardness, and dissolution at a 45 min sampling point across various compression forces and tableting speeds. Film-coating efficiency was assessed based on coating quality, dissolution behavior, and stability. Favorable manufacturing conditions were empirically identified through single-variable optimization and statistical analysis. Results: Wet granulation conducted at a chopper speed of 1400 rpm for 7 min yielded granules with the lowest compressibility index (11.88%), demonstrating significantly improved flowability. Compression at a force of 10 kN and a speed of 40 rpm produced core tablets with acceptable appearance, robust hardness (7.06–7.37 kP), and complete drug release (100%). Tablet hardness was governed by a strong interaction between compression force and tableting speed (partial η² = 0.929, p < 0.001) rather than by either factor alone: at 20 kN, hardness collapsed sharply once tableting speed reached 30 rpm, coincident with mild capping, identifying this force–speed combination as a process-failure condition. For the coating process, maintaining a tablet bed surface temperature of 40 °C ensured optimal coating uniformity without compromising product quality. Dissolution profile comparison against a coated reference product in the primary dissolution medium (pH 6.8) yielded f2 similarity values above 50 for all eight core tablet conditions, and stability testing under accelerated/thermal-stress conditions (up to 65 °C) confirmed maintained dissolution, assay, and related-substance (1-cyanoguanidine) compliance for both the test and reference products. The optimized manufacturing conditions successfully produced film-coated tablets that conformed to all predetermined quality specifications. Conclusions: Manufacturing process parameters significantly influenced the quality attributes of high-dose metformin hydrochloride film-coated tablets. Proper selection and control of these processing conditions ensured consistent granule properties, optimal tablet quality, and enhanced manufacturing robustness.