This study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and development of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and on the microbial environment of the rhizosphere soil. Using the common bean inbred line ‘Jinguan’ as the experimental material, we examined the effects of AMF inoculation on seedling growth and the dynamic changes in rhizosphere microbial communities. The results showed that AMF could establish a stable symbiotic association with common bean roots. By applying seed coating technology to encapsulate AMF around the seeds, and in comparison with the blank control group (CK), the AMF-inoculated plants exhibited altered ratios of fungal to bacterial community structures in the rhizosphere soil. This alteration in root-associated communities subsequently modified plant growth performance, providing a reference for screening beneficial microbial consortia in common bean cultivation.