The satellite–rocket separation shock environment involves transient structural responses during spacecraft release. Although its direct influence on the main structure of the satellite is limited, it can easily cause shock-sensitive precision instruments or components to fail. Nowadays, the shock response spectrum (SRS) experiment is conducted to simulate the dynamic load environment of spacecraft. There are lots of studies on the spectral pattern of SRS. Most of the existing studies focus on the qualitative effects of the shock parameters on SRS; however, quantitative relationships between key shock parameters and SRS characteristics remain relatively limited. In this study, the air cannon-based shock experiment and numerical simulation based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA 2022R1 software are conducted to investigate the influence of shock parameters on SRS. The SRS curves are fitted to quantitatively characterize their spectral features. Massive experimental and simulation datasets are systematically processed to establish the relationship between SRSs and three key shock parameters: felt thickness, bullet length, and air source pressure. A quantitative relationship based on random forest is established to map the shock parameters to the characteristics of the SRS curves. SRS curves can be calculated based on this relationship, enhancing the efficiency of SRS calculation and reducing the need for repeated SRS experiments and simulations.