Malignant melanoma represents a particularly aggressive type of skin cancer, originating from the pathological transformation of melanocytes. While conventional interventions such as surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are available, their non-specificity and collateral damage to normal cells has shifted the focus towards immunotherapy as a notable approach. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring transporters, and are capable of delivering tumor-specific antigens and directly engaging in the immune response. Multiple types of EVs have emerged as promising platforms for melanoma vaccination. The effectiveness of EV-based melanoma vaccines manifests their ability to potentiate the immune response, particularly by activating dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8+ T lymphocytes, through engineering a synergy of antigen presentation and targeted delivery. Here, this review mainly focuses on the construction strategies for EV vaccines from various sources, their effects, and immunological mechanisms in treating melanoma, as well as the shortcomings and future perspectives in this field. These findings will provide novel insights into the innovative exploitation of EV-based vaccines for melanoma immune therapy.

Background: The delicate periorbital region is susceptible to skin dehydration, wrinkles, and loss of elasticity. Thus, targeted and effective anti‐aging interventions are necessary for the periorbital area. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new anti‐aging eye cream formulated with the active complex (Yeast/rice fermentation filtrate, N ‐acetylneuraminic acid, palmityl tripeptide‐1, and palmitoyl tetrapeptide‐7). Methods: The cell viability and expressions of key extracellular matrix (ECM) components of the active complex were evaluated using a human skin fibroblast model. In the 12‐week clinical trial, skin hydration, elasticity, facial photographs, and collagen density following eye cream application were assessed using Corneometer, Cutometer, VISIA, and ultrasound device, respectively. Dermatologists and participants evaluated clinical efficacy and safety at baseline, and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results: PCR and immunofluorescent analyses revealed that the active complex significantly stimulated fibroblast proliferation ( p < 0.05) and markedly promote the synthesis of collagen and elastin. Clinical findings exhibited a substantial enhancement in skin hydration (28.12%), elasticity (18.81%), and collagen production (54.99%) following 12 weeks of eye cream application. Dermatological evaluations and participants’ assessments reported a significant improvement in skin moisture, roughness, elasticity, as well as fine lines and wrinkles by week 8. Conclusion: The new anti‐aging eye cream, enriched with the active complex, demonstrates comprehensive rejuvenating effects, effectively addressing aging concerns in the periorbital area, coupled with a high safety profile.

Background: Facial masks are commonly used in skincare for targeted and intensive treatment. However, masks that provide only moisturizing benefits have limited functionality and may not adequately meet comprehensive anti‐aging needs.Objectives: To design and evaluate the efficacy of a multi‐component facial mask for moisturizing, repairing, and anti‐aging effects.Methods: The clinical efficacy of the facial mask was evaluated in a 28‐day study, with skin parameters measured immediately after application, and at 14 and 28 days. Skin hydration and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured using a Corneometer and a Vapometer, respectively. Skin elasticity and firmness were assessed using a Cutometer. Facial photographs were captured using the VISIA CR system, and wrinkles and roughness were analyzed with Antera 3D.Results: Immediate and 28‐day assessments revealed significant improvements in skin hydration and reduced TEWL (p < 0.001). After 28‐day use, skin elasticity and firmness increased by 17.31% and 16.18%, respectively. VISIA CR analysis demonstrated enhanced skin gloss and decreased redness. Antera 3D measurements indicated significant reductions in the length and width of under‐eye wrinkles and crow's feet, along with improved skin texture (p < 0.001). Participant self‐assessments reported high satisfaction with the mask's safety and efficacy, both in the short term and long term.Conclusion: The multi‐component facial mask demonstrated significant efficacy in enhancing skin hydration, improving barrier repair, and providing anti‐aging benefits.

Introduction: The causal relationship between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and osteoporosis has not been clarified in large prospective cohort studies. This study aims to determine the causal link between T1DM and osteoporosis, and further identify eligible mediators.Material and methods: We explored the causal relationship between T1DM and osteoporosis by two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR), a method that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables for causal inference. We selected five candidate mediators based on their relevance to metabolic processes in T1DM and bone health, including body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), cholesterol in medium very low-density lipoprotein particles (M-VLDL-C), saturated fatty acids (SFA), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and identified eligible mediators by two-step MR. We validated the correlation of T1DM and mediators with osteoporosis in a UK Biobank (UKB) prospective cohort study.Results: In MR analysis, T1DM was related to a significantly increased risk of osteoporosis (OR=1.046, 95% CI: 1.015 to 1.079, P=0.004). In two-step MR, T1DM was significantly associated with decreased levels of M-VLDL-C and SFA, increased levels of SHBG, but showed no significant effect on BMI or HbA1c. Furthermore, lower levels of M-VLDL-C and higher levels of SHBG, but not SFA, were significantly associated with an elevated risk of osteoporosis. Hence M-VLDL-C and SHBG were identified as eligible mediators. In UKB cohort study, consistent results were found.Conclusions: T1DM may cause osteoporosis by decreasing M-VLDL-C and increasing SHBG levels in plasma. The identified mediators may serve as important biomarkers for early detection and treatment of osteoporosis in T1DM patients.