Survivors of complex forms of congenital heart disease (CHD)∗ are at high risk of neurodevelopmental disabilities. Neuroimaging studies have pointed to brain anomalies and immature networks in infants with CHD, yet less is known about their functional network topology and associations with neurodevelopment. To characterize the functional network topology in 4-month-old infants with repaired CHD, we compared graph theory metrics measured using resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (rs-fNIRS) between infants with CHD (n = 22) and healthy controls (n = 30). We also investigated the moderating effect of graph theory metrics on the relationship between group (CHD vs. Controls) and developmental outcomes at 24 months. At 4 months, both groups presented similar functional brain network topology. At 24 months, children with CHD had lower scores on the language scale and the expressive communication subscale of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III), as well as lower scores on the Grammatical Form scale of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (MBCDI). The relationship between group and expressive language was moderated by the normalized characteristic path length (λ) and the degree (k). Although infants with CHD have functional brain topology similar to that of healthy controls, our findings suggest that they do not benefit from an optimal functional brain organization in comparison with healthy infants.

Newborns have an immature brain network responsible for speech processing that resembles the adult language network. However, it remains unclear how prenatal experience modulates this network. To test this, we exposed 39 fetuses to a story in their native language and in a foreign language during the last month of gestation, while another group of 21 fetuses received no experimental prenatal exposure. Within 3 days of life, neonates’ brain responses were recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) whilst they listened to the same story in their native language and in two foreign languages, one of which neonates had been prenatally exposed to. Results revealed that brain responses to the native language and the prenatally exposed foreign language were similar, whereas they differed in the left temporal and right prefrontal regions when listening to a prenatally unexposed foreign language. Findings indicate that foetuses’ linguistic environment influences speech processing at birth.

According to the World Health Organization, 45% of deaths among children under five years of age are caused by malnutrition, which impacts more than 224 million children globally. The Barbados Nutrition Study (BNS) is a 50+ year longitudinal study on a Barbadian cohort with histories of moderate to severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) limited to the first year of life and a healthy comparison group. We have previously used quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) to highlight differences in brain function during childhood (lower alpha1 activity and higher theta, alpha2 and beta activity) between participants who suffered from early PEM and controls. In order to determine whether similar differences between the PEM and control groups persisted into adulthood , our current study used recordings obtained during a Go-No-Go task in a subsample of the original BNS cohort (N=53) at ages 45-51 years. We found that previously malnourished adults ( n =24) had a higher rate of omission errors on the task relative to controls ( n =29). Evoked-Related Potentials (ERP) were significantly different in participants with histories of early PEM, who presented with lower N2 amplitudes (p<0.05). These findings are typically associated with impaired conflict monitoring and/or attention deficits and may therefore be linked to the attentional and executive function deficits that have been previously reported in this cohort in childhood and again in middle-adulthood. Highlights: Childhood malnutrition increases risk of brain function alterations. There is a need to investigate the evolution of those outcomes later in life. Adults who suffered childhood malnutrition undertook a Go-No-Go task during EEG. Task performance and N2 amplitude were reduced in malnutrition group (vs control). First evidence of adult brain function alteration following childhood malnutrition.

Background/Objectives: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with altered brain development and an increased risk of neurodevelopmental difficulties, particularly in more severe forms of the condition. Although alterations in functional brain connectivity have been reported before and after the first corrective surgery in early infancy, as well as in adulthood, little is known about their presentation in early childhood and their association with neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study aimed to characterize resting-state functional connectivity in 3-year-old children with moderate-to-severe CHD and to examine its associations with neurodevelopmental outcomes, including cognitive, language, and motor abilities. Methods: Twenty-five 3-year-old children with moderate-to-severe CHD and 28 age-matched healthy controls completed resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and a standardized neurodevelopmental assessment. Functional brain connectivity was examined across frontal, fronto-parietal, left and right fronto-temporal, and inter-hemispheric networks. Group differences were analyzed using ANCOVAs controlling for socioeconomic status (maternal SES) and with sex as a factor. Associations between functional brain connectivity and neurodevelopmental measures were examined using hierarchical linear regression models adjusted for diagnostic group, sex, and socioeconomic status, with connectivity-by-group interactions tested to assess group differences in these associations. Results: Children with moderate-to-severe CHD showed overall lower resting-state functional connectivity and poorer language performance than controls. Greater interhemispheric functional connectivity was associated with fewer executive function difficulties across participants, with no significant differences in these associations between groups. Conclusions: Preschool-aged children with CHD show altered functional connectivity and language vulnerabilities, while the association between interhemispheric connectivity and executive functioning appears to extend across both CHD and typically developing children.

The hippocampus is essential for learning and memory and undergoes prolonged development throughout childhood and adolescence. Evidence concerning hippocampal maturation is based primarily on volumetric measures. However, macrostructural growth and myelination processes may represent distinct biological processes. Using Hippunfold, we quantified hippocampal subfield volumes and myelin-sensitive tissue concentrations as proxies for tissue maturation using T1w/T2w ratios in 175 community-recruited participants aged 9 months to 21 years. Hippocampal subfield volumes were best described by quadratic developmental trajectories, whereas T1w/T2w ratios increased linearly with age across all subfields. Males exhibited larger hippocampal volumes, and females demonstrated higher and steeper age-related increases in T1w/T2w ratios. Sex-related hippocampal subfield differences were observed despite largely comparable cognitive and behavioural profiles. Hippocampal subfield volumes and myelin follow distinct developmental pathways, revealing sex-specific patterns of development that are not fully captured by morphology alone.