The Ipoly Valley is a natural habitat along the Ipoly River, only slightly affected by water management; therefore, this is an especially sensitive area and reflects well the vegetation changes in the driest (2020) and wettest (2010) years. The study’s aim is to identify natural changes within habitats and the evaluation of habitat types’ boundaries. For the study, a hand-held GPS device was applied on-site. The habitat identification is based on the General National Habitat Classification System (Á-NÉR). In addition to on-site data, Sentinel-2A satellite data were used to compare different extreme years 2020 and 2021—changes in different habitat patches using different vegetation indices. A change in precipitation causes shifts in the vegetation, this is shown on a map. As we predicted, decreasing the precipitation results in a decrease of the area of wet habitat patches. The satellite image shows a more accurate picture of the real location of the associations, which is important for long-term research. In addition, we can get accurate data on the situation of areas (roads and paths) affected by anthropogenic factors.

Our study aimed at to test the effects of two different plant conditioners on some morphological parameters, yield and grain quality of winter wheat (Babona) in a field experiment with medium plots, and to investigate some physiological parameters closely related to yield quantity and quality at the beginning of ear emergence by in vivo field measurements. At the beginning of ear emergence we determined the relative chlorophyll content of leaves (SPAD value), moreover leaf reflectance was measured with a portable spectroradiometer to produce spectral vegetation indices that can be used to evaluate the effects of treatments on chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and water content of leaves, and to infer photochemical efficiency and stress sensitivity. The results were strongly influenced by the unfavourable rainfall distribution during the growing season. Precipitation deficit in spring significantly reduced the development of the crop stand (yield was below the national and county levels), and its effect was also observable in quality parameters (low raw protein and gluten content), but the positive effect of treatment 1 was detectable: higher yield and quality, higher plant height and ear length compared to the control. At the beginning of ear emergence, some spectral vegetation indices indicated the positive effect of treatment 1 despite the drought: chlorophyll content and photochemical activity of leaves were higher, and higher stress sensitivity and protective pigment concentration in the control.

Light quantity and spectral quality regulate plant growth and may influence crop–weed interactions by altering plant morphology, biomass allocation, and physiology. This study evaluated the combined effects of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and far-red (FR) radiation on the morphological, biomass, physiological, and hyperspectral responses of Pisum sativum L. and Datura stramonium L. grown separately under controlled hydroponic conditions. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted using two species, two PPFD levels, and two FR treatments. Morphological traits, biomass production, root mass fraction, SPAD chlorophyll content, hyperspectral reflectance (350–2500 nm), and vegetation indices were analyzed using multivariate statistics, principal component analysis, and Random Forest classification. Species identity explained most of the variation in morphology, biomass allocation, and spectral characteristics. FR supplementation increased mean shoot height in D. stramonium by 62.5% under high PPFD and 101.2% under low PPFD, whereas shoot height in P. sativum was not significantly affected. Red wavelengths between 649 and 668 nm provided the strongest discriminatory information, while short-wave infrared wavelengths contributed complementary biochemical information. The Random Forest model achieved an overall accuracy of 75.7%, an AUC of 0.839, and a Cohen’s κ of 0.489. These findings demonstrate that D. stramonium exhibits greater FR-induced morphological plasticity than P. sativum and that hyperspectral sensing provides useful, although not yet field-validated, crop–weed discrimination.

In 2019, in the experimental area on Kompolt, we tested the effect of Mikro-Vital in sunflower crops in a large-plot experiment using 2 doses (1 l ha-1 and 2 l ha-1). The bacterial fertilizers were applied to the chernozem brown forest soil at sowing. At the beginning of July, before flowering, the relative chlorophyll content of the leaves was measured in vivo with field instruments (portable spectroradiometer and SPAD) and spectral vegetation indices were determined, which, in addition to photosynthetic processes, allow us to infer the stress tolerance of the plants and the nitrogen and water content of the leaves. These parameters are the most important determinants of fertility. We also measured the average yield at harvest. In the year of the study, weather conditions were not ideal for sunflower development. The minimal rainfall in spring resulted in poor crop development after sowing. Chlorophyll vegetation indices also indicated a significant positive effect of the bacterial fertilizer treatment, and photochemical activity (PRI), leaf water content (PWI) were higher compared to the control plots. In the control treatment, stress sensitivity (SIPI) and the amount of protective pigments (CRI, ARI) were higher. Water shortages also occurred at flowering, resulting in a medium average yield for all plots, which was lower than the average of Heves County, Northern Hungary and the country. Based on our tests, a treatment of 1 l ha-1 is considered optimal.

This paper presents the results of small-plot field experiment conducted in 2022, a year of severe drought, with soil bacteria-treated wheat cultivars, during which we examined photosynthetic pigments, average yield, and certain quality parameters using in vivo methods. The soil microbe preparation used is especially recommended for use in warn, drought period, and it is also effective for seed treatment. Its use can be expected to result in better nutrient and water supply, more homogeneous stands, and increased stress tolerance. At the beginning of flowering, the SPAD, EVI, RDVI indices, which indicate chlorophyll content in leaves were significantly higher in three varieties (Mv Nemere, Mv Kondás, Mv Pelsodur), while at the same time, these varieties showed higher photochemical activity (PRI), lower stress sensitivity (SIPI), and lower carotenoid content (CRI). Water content was higher in treated individuals for all varieties. For all 8 varieties, the average yield was approximately 10% higher on the treated plots, Mv Nemere. The nutritional values were only of medium quality, but all quality parameters on the treated plots showed better results. The quality parameters indicated only medium quality, but we obtained better results for all quality parameters on the treated plots. Overall, it can be said that the product can be used effectively even in a drought year, but at the higher dose recommended by the manufacturer.

The climate of our country is suitable for wheat cultivation everywhere, but there is variation from one region to another. Nowadays, the greatest risk in wheat production is posed by extreme weather conditions, but next to them the other key issue of successful growth is the correct nutrient supply. In the present work, the results of the nutrient supply experiment conducted in 2017 and 2022 at the Research Institute of Kompolt of the predecessor institution of MATE are presented. The experiment was set up on small plots, in 4 replications, with Latin square arrangement. In the experiment the effect of NPK doses were examined on the growth of the plants and on the yield in four treatments (three levels of nutrient supply plus control treatment). Each plot was divided into two parts, and one part of each treatment was supplemented with foliar fertilization. The main goal of our experiment is to determine the optimal amount and content of fertilizer, which can give the highest yield in different crop years among the given ecological conditions. We measured the plant height at full maturity, the amount of the yield and the different quality parameters. We found that the highest yield was given by treatment of “growing area specific” fertilizer supplemented with foliar fertilizer.