Background: Identifying the correlates of exercise behavior is essential to combating physical inactivity as a public health concern. The purpose of this study is to identify the correlates of physical activity among urban Chinese adults under the social-ecological theoretical model in order to facilitate targeted interventions to promote physical activity. Methods: Using the socio-ecological model, we conducted a questionnaire survey among 1459 urban residents in Zhejiang and Shaanxi provinces of China, collecting data on individual demographic factors, sociological factors, environmental perception, and exercise behavior. Binary logistic regression models were employed to analyze the relationships between exercise behavior and socio-ecological factors. Results: Male gender (p < 0.01), advanced age (p < 0.001), higher education level (p < 0.05), living independently from parents (p < 0.05), absence of childcare responsibilities (p < 0.01), residence in a county/prefecture-level city (p < 0.001), favorable neighborhood esthetics (p < 0.001), available greenways/parks (p < 0.001), and family support for exercise participation (p < 0.05) were significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of participating in physical activity. Male gender (p < 0.001), advanced age (p < 0.001), absence of childcare responsibilities (p < 0.05), good neighborhood vegetation (p < 0.01), availability of free neighborhood exercise facilities (p < 0.05), and support from friends for exercise participation (p < 0.01) were significantly correlated with an increased likelihood of engaging in physical activity for more than 150 min per week. BMI, community air quality, traffic safety, public safety, and level of social development were not major correlates. Conclusions: To promote exercise behavior, more attention should be paid to individuals who are female, young, have lower levels of education, bear childcare responsibilities, or reside in provincial capitals in China. Improving the habitat environment and providing convenient and affordable facilities should also be considered. Furthermore, support from family and friends can positively reinforce exercise behavior.

30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per day is recommended, but the response and adaptation of endothelial function (EF) to this exercise remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in EF in endurance trained and untrained individuals before and after this exercise and to compare the differences between trained and untrained individuals. Twelve endurance-trained male college athletes (trained group) and 12 untrained male college students (untrained group) performed a 30-min run at an intensity of 60% VO₂max. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before exercise, 30 min and 60 min after exercise, and the following morning. Resting diameter and maximum diameter showed large time effects (p < 0.001, η² = 0.533; p < 0.001, η² = 0.502). Resting diameters at 30 and 60 min after exercise were higher than before exercise in both the untrained and trained groups (p < 0.05), and maximum diameters at 30 min after exercise were higher than before exercise in both the untrained and trained groups (p < 0.01). Resting diameter and maximum diameter also exhibited some group effects (p = 0.055, η² = 0.157; p = 0.041, η² = 0.176). Resting diameters and maximum diameters were higher in the trained group than in the untrained group before exercise (p < 0.05). FMD (%) showed no time, group, or time-group interaction effects. 30 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise can increase resting and maximal arterial diameters in both trained and untrained young men, but has no effect on FMD. Long-term endurance training has the potential to increase resting and maximal arterial diameters in young men, but not necessarily FMD.

Background/Objectives: Although physical activity and exercise are important for improving functional decline in older adults, the research focuses and trends in this field remain unclear. This study aimed to identify research trends and characteristics in this field and to provide guidance for research and practice. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using data retrieved from Web of Science. A predefined search strategy was applied to identify relevant publications between 2000 and 2025. Data were analyzed and visualized using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results: A total of 5705 publications were included for the bibliometric analysis. The number of papers published in this field had increased over the past 26 years, with an average of over 400 papers published annually since 2021. The United States had the most published papers, at 2113. China was second, with 941. The focuses of keywords shifted from “disability” prior to 2016 to “mobility”, “quality of life”, “balance”, “walking”, “activities of daily living”, “muscle strength”, “falls” and “executive function” between 2017 and 2019, and finally to “cognitive impairment”, “sarcopenia” and “frailty” since 2020. The keywords with the citation bursts from 2000 to 2010 were “disability”, “risk factors” and “quality of life”; those from 2010 to 2020 were “skeletal muscle”, “community”, “lower-limb function”, “intensity”, “predictors”, “body composition”, “obesity”, “gait”, “blood pressure”, “aerobic exercise”, “balance” and “executive function”; and those after 2020 were “cognitive impairment”, “tai chi”, “management”, “instrumental activity”, “scale”, “muscle mass” and “healthy ageing”. Conclusions: Exercise intervention for functional health in older adults remains a hot topic in research. Research institutions and teams in this field are diverse, with the United States and China emerging as the leading countries. Specific aspects of physical function performance related to disability and quality of life—including cognitive and executive functions—and the corresponding exercise interventions are the focuses of current research.