This study investigated the effect of government debt on Nigeria’s economic growth using annual data from 1980 to 2018 and the Autoregressive Distributed Lag technique. The empirical results showed that external debt constituted an impediment to long-term growth while its short-term effect was growth-enhancing. Domestic debt had a significant positive impact on long-term growth while its short-term effect was negative. In the long term and short term, debt service payments led to growth retardation confirming debt overhang effect. The findings suggested that the government should direct the borrowed funds to the diversification of the productive base of the economy. This will improve long-term economic growth, expand the revenue base and strengthen the capacity to repay outstanding debts when due. Fiscal improvements that encourage domestic resource mobilization, efficient debt management strategies and reliance on domestic debt rather than external debt for increased deficit financing to engender greater growth are the main contribution of the study.

This study examines the long- and short-run relationship between carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, economic growth, energy consumption, foreign trade, and urbanization based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in Malaysia for the period 1980–2008. This study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology for empirical analysis. The results obtained suggest the existence of three forms of long-run relationships among variables when CO₂ emissions, foreign trade, and urbanization are the dependent variables. The long-run results support the EKC hypothesis, which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. Moreover, both energy consumption and urbanization are found to have positive effects on CO₂ emissions in the long run, while trade has a negative effect on CO₂ emissions in both short and long runs. The stability of the variables in the estimated model is also examined. Results suggest that the estimated model is stable over the study period.

This study examines the dynamic relationship among carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and foreign trade based on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Indonesia for the period 1971–2007, using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology. The results do not support the EKC hypothesis, which assumes an inverted U-shaped relationship between income and environmental degradation. The long-run results indicate that foreign trade is the most significant variable in explaining CO 2 emissions in Indonesia followed by Energy consumption and economic growth. The stability of the variables in estimated model is also examined. The result suggests that the estimated model is stable over the study period.

Sustainability awareness is a vital component in ensuring sustainability initiatives as a global effort for the benefit of future generations, particularly in countries with emerging economies, such as Malaysia. In higher education institutions (HEIs), students play an important role in manifesting the sustainability agenda to the campus community, as well as the rest of the globe. However, there is a scarcity of data on Malaysian students’ attitudes and perceptions towards sustainability. The purpose of this research is to establish a baseline for determining the level of positive attitude and perception among USM undergraduate students in regards to sustainability. A survey using a self-administered questionnaire via Google Forms was conducted with 513 undergraduate students between June 2020 and March 2021. The findings revealed that the students’ level of positive attitude and perceptions of sustainability on campus ranged from moderate to high. The study also observed a strong, positive correlation between students’ attitude and perception. The present study illustrated that “Attitudes Towards Sustainability on Campus” helps to explain 45% of the variance in respondents scores on “Perception of the USM Current Sustainability Program”. It could be summarized that USM students were able to relate sustainability issues to current situations and assumed a positive attitude towards the implementation of sustainability programs at USM. It is intended that the research findings will contribute background information that will reflect the strategies of higher education institutions on sustainability.