Globally, inflammation and pain are among the most prevalent health issues. The use of medicinal plants to alleviate these conditions is growing. This study comprehensively investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethyl-acetate extract of Nypa fruticans (EENF) leaves, traditionally used in folk Medicine. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were employed to identify the phytochemicals in EENF. In vitro antioxidant studies were conducted to determine the antioxidative properties of EENF. Formalin-induced paw edema assay was employed to assess the in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity whereas; acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and tail immersion test were performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-nociceptive effects. The identified compounds were subsequently evaluated by computational studies against the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme. EENF demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in both the DPPH scavenging assay (IC₅₀: 105.18 μg/mL) and the reducing power assay (RC₅₀:1752.76 μg/mL). In the in-vivo anti-inflammatory assay, EENF exhibited the highest (50.39 % and 67.72 %) inhibition of edema at the fourth hour at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, accordingly. Moreover, all the pain modulation studies demonstrated significant (p < 0.001) analgesic properties of EENF in a dose-dependent manner. Among, the 23 identified phytocompounds, the most promising ones were determined to be potential anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents through molecular docking studies and ADME/T analysis. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) confirmed the stability of the protein-ligand complexes. Two phytochemicals, (−) Epicatechin (CID 72276) and Quercetin (CID 5280343), outperformed the standard anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac sodium, in MDS studies. Both experimental and in-silico studies have scientifically verified the traditional use of Nypa fruticans in treating pain and inflammatory disease. Overall, (−) Epicatechin and Quercetin possess excellent potential as natural lead compounds for COX-2 inhibition. Further research, including pure compound isolation and biomolecular studies, is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of these activities.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prevalent metabolic disorder frequently leading to serious renal complications, particularly diabetic nephropathy. This retrospective case–control study investigated the levels and associations of commonly used enzymatic (serum creatinine and urea) and physiological (glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) markers of kidney function in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic controls. Methodology: A total of 237 participants were enrolled, comprising 81 diabetic cases and 156 non-diabetic controls. Creatinine and urea levels were determined using enzymatic methods, measuring optical density, whereas GFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, based on creatinine, age, and sex. Statistical comparisons include p-value, Pearson correlation, etc. Results: The diabetic group exhibited significantly higher mean levels of serum creatinine (2.08 ± 2.26 mg/dL) and urea (57.71 ± 38.75 mg/dL) and a significantly lower mean GFR (59.59 ± 34.16 mL/min/1.73 m²) compared to the non-diabetic control group (0.95 ± 0.69 mg/dL, 31.79 ± 20.49 mg/dL, and 96.72 ± 23.77 mL/min/1.73 m², respectively; all comparisons with p < 0.005). Correlation analysis revealed a more scattered positive association between creatinine and urea, and a pronounced inverse correlation between GFR and both creatinine and urea in the diabetic cases, suggesting a compromised renal function profile. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a significant association between diabetes and impaired renal function, as evidenced by elevated creatinine and urea levels and reduced GFR. These readily available biomarkers are crucial prognostic indicators for the early detection and effective management of diabetic nephropathy, emphasizing the importance of rigorous metabolic and blood pressure control to mitigate disease progression.

Background: Solanum capsicoides has medicinal importance due to having numerous therapeutically active ingredients. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess and interpret the cytotoxic and neuropharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of Solanum capsicoides leaves. Methods: The lethality bioassay test on brine shrimp was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity effect of the methanolic extract of Solanum capsicoides leaves. To evaluate the neuropharmacological activities of this plant extract, hole board test, hole cross test, open field test and elevated plus-maze test were used in mice model. All assessments were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t-test. All of the data were analysed with the help of the SPSS software. Results: The test for brine shrimp lethality demonstrated that the LC50 of methanolic extract of Solanum capsicoides leaves was 55.883 μg/ml, containing potent cytotoxic components. The statistically significant (*P<0.05, **P<0.05 vs. control) result in hole board test, hole cross test, open field test, and elevated plus-maze test reveals the CNS depressant and anxiolytic properties in methanolic extract of Solanum capsicoides leaves. Conclusion: Results from our study support that the methanolic extract of Solanum capsicoides might possess significant cytotoxic characteristics, CNS depressant and anxiolytic effect. However, additional research is required to pinpoint the precise bioactive chemicals that are responsible for these activities.