Barium fluoride (BaF ₂ ) nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes were produced through a hydrothermal microwave method (HTMW). We have found that microstructural strain is induced by the surface stress in the nanoparticles.

This paper reports a luminescence mechanism in Eu-doped BaAl ₂ O ₄ excited with monochromatic X-rays (also known as X-ray excited optical luminescence – XEOL) from synchrotron radiation.