Cotton is a major fiber and cash crop globally; the productivity of the crop is halting by insect pests which result in huge yield and economic losses. The conventional use of chemical insecticides has also given concern to the issue of resistance development, environmental risks and production expense which has carried out the awful need of alternative methods that are sustainable. The present paper discusses the genetic enhancement of cotton to insect resistance with a particular focus on the combination of plant breeding and entomological strategies as the means of sustainable pest control. The traditional breeding techniques, such as hybridization, recurrent selection and utilization of the wild relatives have high genetic diversity in terms of host plant resistance. The contemporary molecular methods include the Marker Assisted Selection, Gene Pyramiding and RNA interference technology that has been utilized to improve accuracy of breeding programs, transgenic Bt cotton known worldwide to alleviate pesticide pressure and reduce pest. Moreover, with the introduction of CRISPR-Cas genome editing previously unattainable opportunities to selectively modify the genes related to resistance are presented. Entomological knowledge especially under the concept of Integrated Pest Management enhances them by harmonizing ecological activities with the genetic technologies. The future opportunities are to create multi resistant and climate tolerant cotton strains, biotechnological and ecological approaches and support the transition to biotechnology by favorable policies towards farmers. The integration of the progress in genetics, biotechnology and entomology can assurance the sustainability of cotton in the long track increase in productivity and environmental safety.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a critical global staple, providing ~19% of caloric intake and ~21% of protein needs, yet modern cultivars often suffer from reduced micronutrient density due to yield-focused breeding. This review synthesizes the genetic architecture of wheat quality traits, including seed storage proteins (glutenins and gliadins), key loci such as Gpc-B1 (NAM-B1) for enhanced grain protein content (GPC), iron, and zinc remobilization, and genes governing grain hardness and starch quality. Biotechnological advances, particularly CRISPR/Cas9 multiplexing for reducing gluten allergenicity, increasing resistant starch, and knocking out negative regulators like TaGW2 for improved yield-quality synergy, are highlighted alongside RNA interference and marker-assisted/genomic selection strategies. Multi-omics integration reveals spatiotemporal dynamics during grain development, while environmental factors nitrogen-sulfur balance, foliar biofortification, and climate stressors like elevated CO₂, heat, and drought significantly influence nutritional and processing quality. Genotype-by-environment interactions are addressed through stability models (AMMI and GGE biplots). Regulatory landscapes vary globally, with emerging flexibility for gene-edited products. Integrated approaches combining genetics, biotechnology, agronomy, and supportive policies hold promise for developing nutritionally superior, resilient wheat cultivars to combat hidden hunger and ensure food security.

Roundup Ready Flex (RRF) cotton has brand new essentially recreated the modern-day system of weed control, using glyphosate during an entire growing season. This rate of variability facilitates use of conservation tillage approximation, simplifies the functioning of the farms, and has been accredited with better results of soil health findings, all of which help in bringing about the sustainability of cotton production. However, its reliance on glyphosate has led to the development of glyphosate resistant strains of weeds, which jeopardizes the sustainability of the system. Perturbations of the ecological sturdiness are fanned due to declines in agricultural assortment and changing lines of weed species in unity. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) has thus emerged as a suitable solution and proposed the application of coordinated chemical, cultural, mechanical, and biological control strategies to alleviate the resistance and protect sustainable productivity. This current discourse hence outlines the advantages and constraints of RRF cotton, as well as explains the need to use adaptive, integrated policies to ensure the sustainability of cotton weed management in the future. It highlights the contribution of precision agriculture, trait stacking and an appropriate policy framework in sustaining cotton agroecosystems at the same level of productivity that is also environmentally safe.

The advent of CRISPR/Cas12a technology has revolutionized precision breeding in cereal crops by enabling targeted editing of promoter regions to generate yield-enhancing alleles. This review explores the molecular advantages of Cas12a over Cas9, including its preference for AT-rich sequences and staggered cleavage patterns, which facilitate tunable gene expression in non-coding regulatory elements. Through case studies in rice, wheat, barley, and maize, we highlight successful applications such as decoupling pleiotropic effects in the IPA1 locus for increased grain yield, optimizing nutrient transporters like OsPHO1;2, and modulating meristem size via the CLAVATA pathway. Technical optimizations, including codon adaptation, intron integration, and multiplexed guides, have achieved mutagenesis efficiencies exceeding 90% in polyploid species. Emerging tools like base and prime editing, coupled with AI-driven promoter design, further enhance regulatory precision and trait stacking. The global market for CRISPR-edited plants is projected to reach $50.1 billion by 2030, driven by evolving regulations favoring non-GMO classifications for simple edits. This paradigm shift toward promoter engineering offers sustainable solutions for food security amid climate challenges, emphasizing quantitative trait modulation over gene knockouts.

Basmati rice, a premium aromatic variety central to the export economies of India and Pakistan (valued at US$14.17 billion and US$3.96 billion in 2024, respectively), faces severe productivity threats from soil salinity, which affects 20% of irrigated lands globally and causes annual losses of US$27.2 billion. Traditional breeding's slow cycles (6–10 years) hinder rapid adaptation, necessitating innovative approaches. This review explores the integration of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing targeting stress-responsive transcription factors (e.g., NAC, MYB, WRKY families) and negative regulators (e.g., OsARR1, OsARM1) to enhance ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, and early maturity with speed breeding (SB) protocols that compress generation times to 4–6 cycles per year via extended photoperiods (22h light/2h dark) and controlled environments. Case studies demonstrate successful introgression of Saltol QTL and editing of OsBADH2 for aroma retention, yielding salt-tolerant lines with EC thresholds up to 8–12 dS/m and 10–15% earlier maturity. Socio-economic analyses highlight potential yield gains of 20–30% in salinized regions, while regulatory frameworks in South Asia emphasize biosafety. This synergistic strategy accelerates climate-resilient Basmati development, ensuring food security and economic stability amid escalating environmental pressures.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a valuable fiber crop that is of great economic importance. The genetic basis of the yield-related traits was investigated in this study in a full diallel mating design that involved four parental genotypes (AGC-2, MNH-998, RH-647 and Super Gold) and their twelve F1 hybrids. Characteristics such as plant height, monopod and sym pod branches, bolls per plant, boll weight, lint percentage and seed cotton yield were considered. ANOVA indicated that there was a significant genetic variation across genotypes. The integration of the ability analysis revealed that not only general combining ability (GCA) but also specific combining ability (SCA) played a significant role with non-additive gene action dominating the majority of traits. Some crosses such as AGC-2 × RH-647, AGC-2 × MNH-998 and MNH-998 × RH-647 had high SCA effects and heterotic potential. The existence of important reciprocal effects (RE) indicated the importance of maternal influence. These results indicate that cross breeding and using heterosis is an effective method in enhancing cotton production and fiber-related characteristics.