The emergence and rapid spread of the plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant mcr-1 gene introduced a serious threat to public health. In 2021, a multi-drug resistant, mcr-1 positive Escherichia coli EC1945 strain, was isolated from pig caecal content in Croatia. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing were performed. Bioinformatics tools were used to determine the presence of resistance genes, plasmid Inc groups, serotype, sequence type, virulence factors, and plasmid reconstruction. The isolated strain showed phenotypic and genotypic resistance to nine antimicrobial classes. It was resistant to colistin, gentamicin, ampicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrobial resistance genes included mcr-1, bla_TEM-1B, bla_CTX-M-1, aac(3)-IId, aph(3’)-Ia, aadA5, sul2, catA1, gyrA (S83L, D87N), and parC (A56T, S80I). The mcr-1 gene was located within the conjugative IncX4 plasmid. IncI1, IncFIB, and IncFII plasmids were also detected. The isolate also harbored 14 virulence genes and was classified as ST744 and O101:H10. ST744 is a member of the ST10 group which includes commensal, extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli isolates that play a crucial role as a reservoir of genes. Further efforts are needed to identify mcr-1-carrying E. coli isolates in Croatia, especially in food-producing animals to identify such gene reservoirs.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium is pathogenic mainly to birds, although cases of mycobacteriosis caused by these bacteria have also been reported in other animals and humans. Not much is known about the effects of this pathogen on otters. The aim of this study was to report for the first time the isolation of M. avium subsp. avium in wild otter and to describe its multidrug resistance profile. A female otter injured in a car accident was found dead and subjected to postmortem examination. Apart from the trauma changes, no other macroscopic pathological changes were detected. Bacteriologic examination revealed the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the lymph nodes, which were confirmed by molecular methods as M. avium subsp. avium. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed susceptibility to clarithromycin and amikacin, but resistance to linezolid, moxifloxacin, streptomycin, isoniazid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ethionamide. This is unusual for wild species, which generally should not come into contact with antimicrobials, and may suggest that multidrug-resistant MAC strains are circulating between wild and domestic animals. These results emphasise the need for additional epidemiological studies on non-tuberculous mycobacteria in wildlife and their implications for one health.

This review evaluates the occurrence and epidemiological trends of major foodborne zoonotic pathogens in the European Union, with particular emphasis on the Republic of Croatia, over the period 2020-2024. Using the One Health framework, data were synthesised from annual zoonosis reports of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), complemented by targeted national and regional studies. Following a temporary, pandemic-related decline in 2020, largely attributable to COVID-19 related disruptions in surveillance and behavioral changes, notification rates for most foodborne pathogens rebounded and stabilised at pre-pandemic or higher levels. Campylobacteriosis remained the most frequently reported zoonosis, while salmonellosis persisted at consistently high levels, with notable shifts in serovar distribution, including the emergence of Salmonella Infantis. Listeriosis, although less frequent, demonstrated the highest hospitalisation and case fatality rates, with a continued upward trend. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections increased substantially, partly due to improved molecular diagnostics and enhanced surveillance sensitivity. Unlike existing consolidated EFSA/ECDC reports, this review highlights the importance of regional data for identifying localised hotspots and more precisely understanding transmission dynamics. This more detailed perspective emphasises the need for continuous, integrated surveillance across the human, veterinary, and environmental sectors to effectively address evolving, region-specific risks related to pathogen adaptation, antimicrobial resistance, and climate-related pressures within the food supply chain.

Campylobacter jejuni remains a leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, yet the epidemiological role of wild birds as reservoirs remains poorly understood. This study investigated the genetic diversity, transmission dynamics, and virulome architecture of 396 C. jejuni isolates collected in Croatia (2021–2025) from human, yellow-legged gull, broiler, bovine, and turkey sources. Whole-genome sequencing revealed high genomic diversity ($\mathrm{S}\mathrm{I}>0.88$), encompassing 124 sequence types across 25 clonal complexes. While classical MLST clustered 17.01% (n = 25/147, 95% CI: 11.83–23.82%) of gull isolates with human-associated lineages, high-resolution cg/wgMLST refined this overlap, segregating the majority of yellow-legged gull strains into a distinct, host-adapted ST-1275 clade (51.02%, n = 75/147). Furthermore, cg/wgMLST identified shared multi-host genotypes, such as CT6518 (ST-353) and CT3006 (ST-443), across wild gulls, domestic livestock, and clinical human cases. Virulome screening revealed a conserved pathogenic core alongside a lineage-specific periphery; the Guillain-Barré-syndrome-associated wlaN gene showed strong restriction to the dominant ST-21 generalist lineage, whereas the Type IV Secretion System was exceptionally rare (<1.5%). These findings demonstrate that, while most yellow-legged gull isolates constitute host-adapted lineages, gulls also harbor overlapping genotypes shared with livestock and clinical human isolates (6.80%, 95% CI: 3.69–12.18%), compatible with shared ecological niches and common contamination sources rather than direct bird-to-human transmission. This highlights their role as environmental sentinels and potential bridge reservoirs within One Health transmission interfaces. This study provides an indispensable baseline for integrated One Health biosecurity and surveillance strategies that bring together poultry production, ecosystem management, and public health infrastructure.

Transmisivne spongiformne encefalopatije su grupa rijetkih, progresivnih neurodegenerativnih bolesti od kojih obolijevaju ljudi i veći broj životinjskih vrsta, a prouzroči ih prion. Infekcija je dugi vremenski period asimptomatska, a bolest je progre...