During recovery from stroke, augmented performance feedback can be applied with simple displays of metrics, as well as enhanced with virtual reality (VR) and exergames. VR, as augmented feedback, can provided to enhance walking speed after six months of stroke onset. There are several mechanisms to induce improved motor performance and motivation. Our objective is to design a study to demonstrate the different effects of augmented feedback, simple VR and exergaming applications on motivation and walking speed performance in post stroke. Eighteen individuals with chronic stroke will be recruited and asked to walk as fast and safely as they can while on a robotic, user speed-driven treadmill (KineAssist-MX®) in three conditions: (1) with simple visual augmented feedback, but without a VR interface, (2) with a basic VR interface and (3) with a VR exergame. The main outcome measures are 30 s of fast walking speed and intrinsic motivation measured using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory-Interest and Enjoyment Subscale. A within-subjects repeated measure ANOVA test and post hoc analysis will be used to determine the differences in changes of maximum walking speeds among the three performance conditions. The additive impact of augmented feedback with or without VR and VR-exergames on motivation and walking speed during stroke rehabilitation is unknown, a gap we aim to address. Our findings will contribute key details regarding the effects of different types of augmented feedback on walking speed and intrinsic motivation and to the refinement of theoretical frameworks that guide the design and implementation of augmented feedback during recovery after stroke.

To examine the immediate effects of different types of augmented feedback on walking speed and intrinsic motivation post-stroke. A within-subjects repeated-measures design. A university rehabilitation center. Eighteen individuals with chronic stroke hemiparesis with a mean age of 55.67±13.63 years and median stroke onset of 36 (24, 81) months (N=18). Not applicable. Fast walking speed measured on a robotic treadmill for 13 meters without feedback and 13 meters with augmented feedback on each of the 3 experimental conditions: (1) without virtual reality (VR), (2) with a simple VR interface, and (3) with VR-exergame. Intrinsic motivation was measured using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). Although the differences were not statistically significant, fast-walking speed was higher in the augmented feedback without VR (0.86±0.44 m/s); simple VR interface (0.87±0.41 m/s); VR-exergame (0.87±0.44 m/s) conditions than in the fast-walking speed without feedback (0.81±0.40 m/s) condition. The type of feedback had a significant effect on intrinsic motivation (P=.04). The post hoc analysis revealed borderline significance on IMI-interest and enjoyment between the VR-exergame condition and the without-VR condition (P=.091). Augmenting feedback affected the intrinsic motivation and enjoyment of adults with stroke asked to walk fast on a robotic treadmill. Additional studies with larger samples are warranted to examine the relations among these aspects of motivation and ambulation training outcomes.

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition is common in hospitalized older adults and is linked to functional decline, longer stay, readmission, and mortality. Nurses usually screen at admission, but evidence on nurse-led screening is scattered. This review mapped instruments, measurement properties, recognition and referral outcomes, and implementation barriers. Methods: A rapid scoping review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, PRISMA-ScR reporting, and the Population–Concept–Context framework. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched in June 2026 for studies published from 1 January 1999 to 31 July 2026; in July 2026, the evidence set underwent bibliographic and indexing verification only, with no search update. Two coauthors searched, screened, and charted the data; two others verified all decisions against full texts. Implementation findings were coded inductively without critical appraisal. Results: Of 1743 records, 1169 were screened and 18 included. Tools: MNA, MNA-SF, MST, MUST, NRS-2002, SNAQ. Standardized screening improved recognition; undernutrition identification rose from 38.6% to 73.1%. Nurse-administered MST reached 94% sensitivity and 89% specificity in a high-readmission-risk cohort, whereas nurse MNA-SF scoring showed ICC = 0.74 with only fair agreement (kappa = 0.37). Barriers included inconsistent scoring, limited nutrition knowledge, workload, and documentation gaps. Conclusions: Nurse-led screening is feasible and improves case finding, recognition, screening completion, and dietitian referral, although scoring errors and inter-rater disagreement persisted. No study measured complications, length of stay, readmission, functional decline, or mortality, so the evidence supports better identification, not better outcomes. Reported accuracy came from selected populations and single assessors. Future work should link screening fidelity to patient outcomes.

Al Qurayyat salt is a traditional salt product that has been historically used in northern Saudi Arabia for food preservation, seasoning, and domestic uses. The city of Al Qurayyat is famous for its salt and is known as the city of salt in Saudi Arabia due to the abundance of salt deposits in areas such as Etra and Kaf. Despite its daily use by locals, there is no scientific information available regarding its chemical composition, heavy metals and safety. In this preliminary study, we aimed to analyze the physicochemical properties and metal contents of Al Qurayyat salt (ETR) and compare it to a commercially known salt (SAS). ETR chemical analysis showed a purity of 98.179%, moisture content of 0.68%, insoluble matter of 0.25%, and sulphate concentration of 7400 mg/kg. As expected, Iodine was not detected in the ETR sample, suggesting that the salt is non-iodized. Mineral analysis showed the presence of calcium (27 mg/kg), magnesium (32 mg/kg), potassium (10 mg/kg), copper (0.21 mg/kg), mercury (0.03 mg/kg), lead (0.13 mg/kg), and arsenic (0.01 mg/kg), while cadmium and iron were not detected or below the limit of detection. Heavy metal concentrations was below commonly accepted safety limits for edible salts. These findings provide the first reported physicochemical characterization of Al Qurayyat salt and establish baseline data for future investigations regarding its mineral composition, potential health uses, safety, nutritional significance, and potential industrial or culinary applications.