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Dr. Seng Hua Lee
Universiti Putra Malaysia

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0 polymer adhesive
0 Wood composite
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Review
Published: 06 August 2021 in Polymers
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Wood is a versatile material that is used for various purposes due to its good properties, such as its aesthetic properties, acoustic properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, etc. Its poor dimensional stability and low natural durability are the main obstacles that limit its use in mechanical applications. Therefore, modification is needed to improve these properties. The hydrothermal modification of wood exposes wood samples to elevated temperatures and pressure levels by using steam, water, or a buffer solution as the treating medium, or by using superheated steam. Abundant studies regarding hydrothermally treated wood were carried out, but the negative effect on the wood’s strength is one of the limitations. This is a method that boosts the dimensional stability and improves the decay resistance of wood with minimal decrements of the strength properties. As an ecofriendly and cost-effective method, the hydrothermal modification of wood is also a promising alternative to conventional chemical techniques for treating wood. Researchers are attracted to the hydrothermal modification process because of its unique qualities in treating wood. There are many scientific articles on the hydrothermal modification of wood, and many aspects of hydrothermal modification are summarized in review papers in this field. This paper reviews the hydrothermally modified mechanical properties of wood and their potential applications. Furthermore, this article reviews the effects of hydrothermal modification on the various properties of wood, such as the dimensional stability, chemical properties, and durability against termites and fungi. The merits and demerits of hydrothermal wood modification, the effectiveness of using different media in hydrothermal modification, and its comparison with other treating techniques are discussed.

ACS Style

Rowson Ali; Ummi Abdullah; Zaidon Ashaari; Norul Hamid; Lee Hua. Hydrothermal Modification of Wood: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 2612 .

AMA Style

Rowson Ali, Ummi Abdullah, Zaidon Ashaari, Norul Hamid, Lee Hua. Hydrothermal Modification of Wood: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (16):2612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rowson Ali; Ummi Abdullah; Zaidon Ashaari; Norul Hamid; Lee Hua. 2021. "Hydrothermal Modification of Wood: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 16: 2612.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Polymers
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In this study, Kraft lignin was esterified with phthalic anhydride and was served as reinforcing filler for poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Composites with different ratios of PBS, lignin (L), modified lignin (ML) and kenaf core fibers (KCF) were fabricated using a compounding method. The fabricated PBS composites and its counterparts were tested for thermal, physical and mechanical properties. Weight percent gain of 4.5% after lignin modification and the FTIR spectra has confirmed the occurrence of an esterification reaction. Better thermo-mechanical properties were observed in the PBS composites reinforced with modified lignin and KCF, as higher storage modulus and loss modulus were recorded using dynamic mechanical analysis. The density of the composites fabricated ranged from 1.26 to 1.43 g/cm3. Water absorption of the composites with the addition of modified lignin is higher than that of composites with unmodified lignin. Pure PBS exhibited the highest tensile strength of 18.62 MPa. Incorporation of lignin and KCF into PBS resulted in different extents of reduction in tensile strength (15.78 to 18.60 MPa). However, PBS composite reinforced with modified lignin exhibited better tensile and flexural strength compared to its unmodified lignin counterpart. PBS composite reinforced with 30 wt% ML and 20 wt% KCF had the highest Izod impact, as fibers could diverge the cracking propagation of the matrix. The thermal conductivity value of the composites ranged from 0.0903 to 0.0983 W/mK, showing great potential as a heat insulator.

ACS Style

Harmaen Saffian; Masayuki Yamaguchi; Hidayah Ariffin; Khalina Abdan; Nur Kassim; Seng Lee; Ching Lee; Ayu Shafi; Aisyah Humairah Alias. Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin. Polymers 2021, 13, 2359 .

AMA Style

Harmaen Saffian, Masayuki Yamaguchi, Hidayah Ariffin, Khalina Abdan, Nur Kassim, Seng Lee, Ching Lee, Ayu Shafi, Aisyah Humairah Alias. Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin. Polymers. 2021; 13 (14):2359.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harmaen Saffian; Masayuki Yamaguchi; Hidayah Ariffin; Khalina Abdan; Nur Kassim; Seng Lee; Ching Lee; Ayu Shafi; Aisyah Humairah Alias. 2021. "Thermal, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Poly(Butylene Succinate)/Kenaf Core Fibers Composites Reinforced with Esterified Lignin." Polymers 13, no. 14: 2359.

Review
Published: 30 June 2021 in Pathogens
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Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA. In this review, the morphological characteristics, epidemiology, and epizootiology of Rhipicephalus tick species found in SEA are reviewed. There are six commonly reported Rhipicephalus ticks in the SEA region. Their interactions with their host species that range from cattle, sheep, and goats, through cats and dogs, to rodents and man are discussed in this article. Rhipicephalus-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Babesia species, and Theileria species, have been highlighted as are relevant to the region in review. Pathogens transmitted from Rhipicepahalus ticks to host animals are usually presented clinically with signs of anemia, jaundice, and other signs of hemolytic changes. Rhipicephalus ticks infestation also account for ectoparasitic nuisance in man and animals. These issues are discussed with specific interest to the SEA countries highlighting peculiarities of the region in the epidemiology of Rhipicephalus species and attendant pathogens therein. This paper also discusses the current general control strategies for ticks in SEA proffering measures required for increased documentation. The potential risks associated with rampant and improper acaricide use are highlighted. Furthermore, such practices lead to acaricide resistance among Rhipicephalus species are highlighted.

ACS Style

Li Tan; Ruhil Hamdan; Basripuzi Hassan; Mohd Reduan; Ibrahim Okene; Shih Loong; Jing Khoo; Ahmad Samsuddin; Seng Lee. Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia. Pathogens 2021, 10, 821 .

AMA Style

Li Tan, Ruhil Hamdan, Basripuzi Hassan, Mohd Reduan, Ibrahim Okene, Shih Loong, Jing Khoo, Ahmad Samsuddin, Seng Lee. Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (7):821.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Tan; Ruhil Hamdan; Basripuzi Hassan; Mohd Reduan; Ibrahim Okene; Shih Loong; Jing Khoo; Ahmad Samsuddin; Seng Lee. 2021. "Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia." Pathogens 10, no. 7: 821.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2021 in Forests
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Eucalyptus hybrid has been planted rigorously in wet tropical regions including Malaysia. Recently, there was a report on the occurrence of stem canker on these trees. However, the extent of the infections by this stem canker is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of stem canker disease, Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, on the physical and mechanical properties of 11-year-old E. urophylla × E.grandis or also known as E. urograndis. The samples were taken from infected and healthy trees that were segregated into different classes based on the severity of the attack, i.e., healthy (class 1), moderately infected (class 2), severely infected (class 3) and very severely infected (class 4). A total of 1440 samples from four infection classes were used in this study. The physical and mechanical properties were determined according to the standard test procedures specified by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13061:2014 (Parts 1 to 4, 13, 14 and 17) and British Standard (BS 373: 1957). From the result, a significant effect by the infection classes was observed on physical and mechanical properties of E. urograndis. All infected wood experienced less shrinkage compared to that of a healthy one, particularly the volumetric (Volsh) and radial shrinkage (Rsh). Wood from class 2 and class 3 was less affected by the infection while the majority of wood from class 4 had significantly lower density and poorer strength. Based on the strength data, wood from infection class 2 can be considered to be used for non-structural applications such as furniture, interior finishing, window frames and doors since reduction in mechanical properties was observed. Wood from class 3 would need further investigation to examine its suitability for structural applications.

ACS Style

Rasdianah Dahali; Paridah Md. Tahir; Adlin Roseley; Lee Hua; Edi Bakar; Zaidon Ashaari; Mohd Abdul Rauf; Nur Zainuddin; Noor Mansoor. Influence of Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis Canker Disease on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus urograndis. Forests 2021, 12, 639 .

AMA Style

Rasdianah Dahali, Paridah Md. Tahir, Adlin Roseley, Lee Hua, Edi Bakar, Zaidon Ashaari, Mohd Abdul Rauf, Nur Zainuddin, Noor Mansoor. Influence of Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis Canker Disease on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus urograndis. Forests. 2021; 12 (5):639.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rasdianah Dahali; Paridah Md. Tahir; Adlin Roseley; Lee Hua; Edi Bakar; Zaidon Ashaari; Mohd Abdul Rauf; Nur Zainuddin; Noor Mansoor. 2021. "Influence of Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis Canker Disease on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus urograndis." Forests 12, no. 5: 639.

Review
Published: 27 April 2021 in Polymers
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In this review, the potential of natural fiber and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced PLA composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology is highlighted. Additive manufacturing is a material-processing method in which the addition of materials layer by layer creates a three-dimensional object. Unfortunately, it still cannot compete with conventional manufacturing processes, and instead serves as an economically effective tool for small-batch or high-variety product production. Being preformed of composite filaments makes it easiest to print using an FDM 3D printer without or with minimum alteration to the hardware parts. On the other hand, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite filaments have gained great attention in the market. However, uneven printing, clogging, and the inhomogeneous distribution of the fiber-matrix remain the main challenges. At the same time, kenaf fibers are one of the most popular reinforcements in polymer composites. Although they have a good record on strength reinforcement, with low cost and light weight, kenaf fiber reinforcement PLA filament is still seldom seen in previous studies. Therefore, this review serves to promote kenaf fiber in PLA composite filaments for FDM 3D printing. To promote the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in AM, eight challenges must be solved and carried out. Moreover, some concerns arise to achieve long-term sustainability and market acceptability of KF/PLA composite filaments.

ACS Style

Ching Lee; Farah Padzil; Seng Lee; Zuriyati Ainun; Luqman Abdullah. Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 1407 .

AMA Style

Ching Lee, Farah Padzil, Seng Lee, Zuriyati Ainun, Luqman Abdullah. Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (9):1407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ching Lee; Farah Padzil; Seng Lee; Zuriyati Ainun; Luqman Abdullah. 2021. "Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 9: 1407.

Journal article
Published: 25 February 2021 in Forests
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Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. is currently the predominant tree species deployed for tree plantation establishment in some parts of Borneo, particularly Sabah state, Malaysia. Its low disease susceptibility, good growth and form, and desirable wood properties make E. pellita particularly suitable for plantation development in the wet tropical regions of south-east Asia. In spite the many positive traits, practical field observations indicate that the species is susceptible to end-splitting. There is some anecdotal evidence to suggest a genetic relationship with the incidence of end-split, although these observations were not statistically tested. This study evaluates the occurrence of end-splitting in five-year old plantation E. pellita in Sabah as affected by family and growth attributes. An existing progeny tree breeding trial, involving seeds that originated from Papua New Guinea, China, Vietnam, Australia, Sabah, and Sarawak with 106 families, was used to carry out the split assessment. Logs from the second thinning were cut into 2.2-m-long sections. The end splits were measured three days later; the incidence and severity of splitting were assessed at both the large and small ends of each log by using a designated split scoring system. The study shows that 99% of all log cross sections (per cut surface) experienced signs of splitting, with an average of 2.7 splits per cut surface. Overall, 54% of all splits were classed as ‘Three-Quarter Radial Splits’ while the occurrence of internal splits was negligible. Split severity showed a heritable and significant difference (h2 = 0.24 at p ≤ 0.05) among the family levels. Splitting was also significantly related to growth factors such as tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). The findings suggest that end-splitting is caused by family–environment interactions. This offers the opportunity to improve the wood resource of E. pellita via breeding strategies.

ACS Style

Manuel Espey; Paridah Md. Tahir; Seng Lee; Adlin Muhammad Roseley; Roger Meder. Incidence and Severity of End-Splitting in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in North Borneo. Forests 2021, 12, 266 .

AMA Style

Manuel Espey, Paridah Md. Tahir, Seng Lee, Adlin Muhammad Roseley, Roger Meder. Incidence and Severity of End-Splitting in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in North Borneo. Forests. 2021; 12 (3):266.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuel Espey; Paridah Md. Tahir; Seng Lee; Adlin Muhammad Roseley; Roger Meder. 2021. "Incidence and Severity of End-Splitting in Plantation-Grown Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell. in North Borneo." Forests 12, no. 3: 266.

Review
Published: 02 February 2021 in Polymers
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Over the last decade, the progressive application of natural fibres in polymer composites has had a major effect in alleviating environmental impacts. Recently, there is a growing interest in the development of green materials in a woven form by utilising natural fibres from lignocellulosic materials for many applications such as structural, non-structural composites, household utilities, automobile parts, aerospace components, flooring, and ballistic materials. Woven materials are one of the most promising materials for substituting or hybridising with synthetic polymeric materials in the production of natural fibre polymer composites (NFPCs). These woven materials are flexible, able to be tailored to the specific needs and have better mechanical properties due to their weaving structures. Seeing that the potential advantages of woven materials in the fabrication of NFPC, this paper presents a detailed review of studies related to woven materials. A variety of factors that influence the properties of the resultant woven NFRC such as yarn characteristics, fabric properties as well as manufacturing parameters were discussed. Past and current research efforts on the development of woven NFPCs from various polymer matrices including polypropylene, polylactic acid, epoxy and polyester and the properties of the resultant composites were also compiled. Last but not least, the applications, challenges, and prospects in the field also were highlighted.

ACS Style

H. A. Aisyah; M. T. Paridah; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; A. Khalina; N. M. Nurazzi; S. H. Lee; C. H. Lee. A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Sustainable Woven Natural Fibre Polymer Composites. Polymers 2021, 13, 471 .

AMA Style

H. A. Aisyah, M. T. Paridah, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, A. Khalina, N. M. Nurazzi, S. H. Lee, C. H. Lee. A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Sustainable Woven Natural Fibre Polymer Composites. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. A. Aisyah; M. T. Paridah; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; A. Khalina; N. M. Nurazzi; S. H. Lee; C. H. Lee. 2021. "A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Sustainable Woven Natural Fibre Polymer Composites." Polymers 13, no. 3: 471.

Review
Published: 29 January 2021 in Polymers
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Plant fibers have become a highly sought-after material in the recent days as a result of raising environmental awareness and the realization of harmful effects imposed by synthetic fibers. Natural plant fibers have been widely used as fillers in fabricating plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. However, owing to the completely opposite nature of the plant fibers and polymer matrix, treatment is often required to enhance the compatibility between these two materials. Interfacial adhesion mechanisms are among the most influential yet seldom discussed factors that affect the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plant-fibers-reinforced polymer composites. Therefore, this review paper expounds the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the properties of plant-fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The advantages and disadvantages of natural plant fibers are discussed. Four important interface mechanism, namely interdiffusion, electrostatic adhesion, chemical adhesion, and mechanical interlocking are highlighted. In addition, quantifying and analysis techniques of interfacial adhesion condition is demonstrated. Lastly, the importance of interfacial adhesion condition on the performances of the plant fiber polymer composites performances is discussed. It can be seen that the physical and thermal properties as well as flexural strength of the composites are highly dependent on the interfacial adhesion condition.

ACS Style

Ching Lee; Abdan Khalina; Seng Lee. Importance of Interfacial Adhesion Condition on Characterization of Plant-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 438 .

AMA Style

Ching Lee, Abdan Khalina, Seng Lee. Importance of Interfacial Adhesion Condition on Characterization of Plant-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ching Lee; Abdan Khalina; Seng Lee. 2021. "Importance of Interfacial Adhesion Condition on Characterization of Plant-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 3: 438.

Erratum
Published: 23 January 2021 in Journal of Materials Research and Technology
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ACS Style

Nur Liyana Mohamad Hafiz; Paridah Md Tahir; Lee Seng Hua; Zurina Zainal Abidin; Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin; Noryuziah Mohd Yunus; Ummi Hani Abdullah; H.P.S. Abdul Khalil. Corrigendum to “Curing and thermal properties of co-polymerized tannin phenol–formaldehyde resin for bonding wood veneers”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 11, 833 .

AMA Style

Nur Liyana Mohamad Hafiz, Paridah Md Tahir, Lee Seng Hua, Zurina Zainal Abidin, Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin, Noryuziah Mohd Yunus, Ummi Hani Abdullah, H.P.S. Abdul Khalil. Corrigendum to “Curing and thermal properties of co-polymerized tannin phenol–formaldehyde resin for bonding wood veneers”. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 11 ():833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Liyana Mohamad Hafiz; Paridah Md Tahir; Lee Seng Hua; Zurina Zainal Abidin; Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin; Noryuziah Mohd Yunus; Ummi Hani Abdullah; H.P.S. Abdul Khalil. 2021. "Corrigendum to “Curing and thermal properties of co-polymerized tannin phenol–formaldehyde resin for bonding wood veneers”." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 11, no. : 833.

Journal article
Published: 30 December 2020 in Polymers
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The thermal, thermo-mechanical and flammability properties of kenaf core hybrid polymer nanocomposites reinforced with unbleached and bleached nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were studied. The studied chemical composition found that unbleached NCC (NCC-UB) had 90% more lignin content compared to bleached NCC (NCC-B). Nanocelluloses were incorporated within polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, together with kenaf core as a main reinforcement and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent via a melt mixing compounding process. The result showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was generally affected by the presence of lignin in NCC-UB and sulfate group on the surface of NCC-B. The residual lignin in NCC-UB appeared to overcome the poor thermal stability of the composites that was caused by sulfation during the hydrolysis process. The lignin helped to promote the late degradation of the nanocomposites, with the melting temperature occurring at a relatively higher temperature of 219.1 °C for PP/NCC-UB, compared to 185.9 °C for PP/NCC-B. Between the two types of nanocomposites, PP/NCC-B had notably lower thermo-mechanical properties, which can be attributed to the poor bonding and dispersion properties of the NCC-B in the nanocomposites blend. The PP/NCC-UB showed better thermal properties due to the effect of residual lignin, which acted as a compatibilizer between NCC-UB and polymer matrix, thus improved the bonding properties. The residual lignin in PP/NCC-UB helped to promote char formation and slowed down the burning process, thus increasing the flame resistance of the nanocomposites. Overall, the residual lignin on the surface of NCC-UB appeared to aid better stability on the thermal and flammability properties of the nanocomposites.

ACS Style

Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin; Paridah Md Tahir; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; Seng Hua Lee; Khalina Abdan; Norkhairunnisa Mazlan; Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley; Abdul Khalil Hps. The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites. Polymers 2020, 13, 116 .

AMA Style

Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin, Paridah Md Tahir, S. M. Sapuan, R. A. Ilyas, Seng Hua Lee, Khalina Abdan, Norkhairunnisa Mazlan, Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley, Abdul Khalil Hps. The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites. Polymers. 2020; 13 (1):116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin; Paridah Md Tahir; S. M. Sapuan; R. A. Ilyas; Seng Hua Lee; Khalina Abdan; Norkhairunnisa Mazlan; Adlin Sabrina Muhammad Roseley; Abdul Khalil Hps. 2020. "The Effects of Unbleached and Bleached Nanocellulose on the Thermal and Flammability of Polypropylene-Reinforced Kenaf Core Hybrid Polymer Bionanocomposites." Polymers 13, no. 1: 116.

Journal article
Published: 29 December 2020 in Polymers
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This study investigated the effects of different citric acid content on the physico-mechanical and biological durability of rubberwood particleboard. Particleboards with density of 700 kg/m3 were produced with three different citric acid contents, namely 10, 15 and 20 wt%. Particleboards made from 10 wt% urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were served as control for comparison purposes. FTIR analysis was carried out and the formation of ester linkages between -OH on cellulose and carbonyl groups of citric acid was confirmed. The peak intensity increased along with increasing citric content, which indicated that a higher amount of ester linkages were formed at higher citric acid content. Citric acid-bonded particleboard had inferior physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity) compared to that of the UF-bonded particleboard. However, the performance of particleboard was enhanced with increasing citric acid content. Meanwhile, citric acid-bonded particleboard displayed significantly better fungal and termite resistance than UF-bonded particleboard owing to the acidic nature of citric acid. It can be concluded that citric acid is a suitable green binder for particleboard but some improvement is needed during the particleboard production process.

ACS Style

Zhou Huaxu; Lee Seng Hua; Paridah Md Tahir; Zaidon Ashaari; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Luqman Chuah Abdullah; Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad. Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard. Polymers 2020, 13, 98 .

AMA Style

Zhou Huaxu, Lee Seng Hua, Paridah Md Tahir, Zaidon Ashaari, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus, Nor Azowa Ibrahim, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad. Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard. Polymers. 2020; 13 (1):98.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhou Huaxu; Lee Seng Hua; Paridah Md Tahir; Zaidon Ashaari; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus; Nor Azowa Ibrahim; Luqman Chuah Abdullah; Siti Fatahiyah Mohamad. 2020. "Physico-Mechanical and Biological Durability of Citric Acid-Bonded Rubberwood Particleboard." Polymers 13, no. 1: 98.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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The effects of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rates on the joint strength of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from four tropical hardwood species were studied. CLT boards were fabricated from batai (Paraserianthes falcataria), sesendok (Endospermum malaccensis), rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) and kedondong (Canarium sp.). These species have densities ranged from 380 to 750 kg/m3. Three layers CLT were prepared by applying pressure of 0.7 and 1.4 N/mm2 (100 and 200 psi respectively) and glue spread rates of 200, 250 and 300 g/m2, single glue-line. Block shear bond strength, wood failure percentage and delamination percentage of the CLT specimens were determined as function of clamping pressure and glue spread rate. The results revealed that glue spread rate significantly influenced both the shear bond strength and wood failure percentage of the CLT. Clamping pressure, on the other hand, had no effect on bonding properties of the CLT despite various range of wood density. Delamination behavior of the samples also was not influenced by both clamping pressure and glue spread rate. Overall, properties determined in this study met the minimum values required in BS EN 16351 standards.

ACS Style

Alia Syahirah Yusoh; Paridah Md Tahir; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Seng Hua Lee; Hamdan Husain; Mohammad Omar Khaidzir. Effect of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rate on the bonding properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 273, 121721 .

AMA Style

Alia Syahirah Yusoh, Paridah Md Tahir, Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, Seng Hua Lee, Hamdan Husain, Mohammad Omar Khaidzir. Effect of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rate on the bonding properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 273 ():121721.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alia Syahirah Yusoh; Paridah Md Tahir; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Seng Hua Lee; Hamdan Husain; Mohammad Omar Khaidzir. 2020. "Effect of wood species, clamping pressure and glue spread rate on the bonding properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods." Construction and Building Materials 273, no. : 121721.

Original article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science
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This study attempted to produce a low viscosity melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) resin. The MUF resins were diluted into concentration of 20% and 30% based on solid content with different melamine contents (20 to 30%), formaldehyde contents (50 to 60%) and urea contents (15 to 25%). Performance of the formulated resins was evaluated by measuring solid content, viscosity, pre-curing time, curing time, curing behaviour and molecular weight. The pH values were set to 9.5 to 9.8 during synthesis. A very low viscosity resin was produced with the viscosity ranges from 6 to 9 cp and the solid content ranged from 21 to 36%. The fastest pre-curing time at 70 °C was observed in formulation 1 for both 20% MUF and 30% while the fastest curing time was obtained from 30% MUF (F2) for 22 min. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry found that 30% MUF (F2) yield the lowest peak temperature at 95.79 °C and the highest peak was obtained from 30% MUF F4 at 109.47 °C. The gel permeation chromatography shows that 30% MUF (F4) had weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1988 g/mol and number average molecular weight (Mn) of 1769 g/mol.

ACS Style

Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali; Zaidon Ashaari; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Seng Hua Lee; Nur Izreen Farah Azmi. Synthesis and evaluation of low viscosity melamine urea formaldehyde for bulking treatment of wood. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 2020, 17, 176 -182.

AMA Style

Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali, Zaidon Ashaari, Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Seng Hua Lee, Nur Izreen Farah Azmi. Synthesis and evaluation of low viscosity melamine urea formaldehyde for bulking treatment of wood. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 2020; 17 (2):176-182.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rabiatol Adawiah Mohd Ali; Zaidon Ashaari; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Seng Hua Lee; Nur Izreen Farah Azmi. 2020. "Synthesis and evaluation of low viscosity melamine urea formaldehyde for bulking treatment of wood." Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science 17, no. 2: 176-182.

Original
Published: 15 October 2020 in European Journal of Wood and Wood Products
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The objective of this study is to determine the effects of alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) treatment on the surface quality and bonding performance of four Malaysian hardwood species, namely batai, sesenduk, rubberwood and kedondong. The samples were impregnated with 2% ACQ preservatives and bonded with phenol-resorcinol–formaldehyde resin for cross laminated timber (CLT) fabrication. The changes in density and the retention of both ACQ and copper after the treatment were recorded. Surface roughness and wettability of both treated and untreated samples were measured. Block shear and delamination tests were performed to evaluate the bond-line strength of CLT. The study revealed that the average surface roughness (Ra) of each species increased significantly. Wettability of batai, sesenduk, rubberwood and kedondong was significantly higher than that of the untreated samples suggesting an improvement in surface wettability. For single-species CLT, treated rubberwood has the highest shear strength followed by kedondong, sesenduk and batai with values of 9.53 N/mm2, 6.00 N/mm2, 5.68 N/mm2 and 4.19 N/mm2, respectively. While for mixed-species CLT, the combination of ACQ-treated rubberwood-sesenduk-rubberwood has the highest block shear strength with a value of 8.05 N/mm2. No delamination was observed from all samples. ACQ treatment was found to not affect the block shear strength significantly. Therefore, ACQ preservatives can be used to produce CLT with good bonding performance.

ACS Style

Nur Amira Adnan; Paridah Md Tahir; Hamdan Husain; Seng Hua Lee; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Mohamad Nasir Mat Arip; Zaidon Ashaari. Effect of ACQ treatment on surface quality and bonding performance of four Malaysian hardwoods and cross laminated timber (CLT). European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 2020, 79, 285 -299.

AMA Style

Nur Amira Adnan, Paridah Md Tahir, Hamdan Husain, Seng Hua Lee, Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup, Mohamad Nasir Mat Arip, Zaidon Ashaari. Effect of ACQ treatment on surface quality and bonding performance of four Malaysian hardwoods and cross laminated timber (CLT). European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 2020; 79 (2):285-299.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Amira Adnan; Paridah Md Tahir; Hamdan Husain; Seng Hua Lee; Mohd Khairun Anwar Uyup; Mohamad Nasir Mat Arip; Zaidon Ashaari. 2020. "Effect of ACQ treatment on surface quality and bonding performance of four Malaysian hardwoods and cross laminated timber (CLT)." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 79, no. 2: 285-299.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2020 in Carbohydrate Polymers
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Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) was produced from sago starch via carboxymethylation. The CMS with different degree of substitution (DS) ranges from 0.4 to 0.8 were mixed with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weight and distilled water and the hydrogel was cured by electron beam irradiation with doses ranging from 25 to 35 kGy. The results revealed that CMS-PEG hydrogels with DS 0.4 give the optimum gel content when radiated at 30 kGy and with PEG 600. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that there are two phases exist in CMS with DS 0.4 in contrast to the three steps decomposition occurs in DS 0.6 and 0.8. It shows that the CMS with DS 0.4 is more thermally stable. Surface morphology revealed crosslinking among the blends when subjected into the radiation dose. The study shows both radiation and PEG addition improved most of the properties of CMS irrespective of the DS value.

ACS Style

Irma Raihana Zahib; Paridah Md Tahir; Marina Talib; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Aisyah Humaira Alias; Seng Hua Lee. Effects of degree of substitution and irradiation doses on the properties of hydrogel prepared from carboxymethyl-sago starch and polyethylene glycol. Carbohydrate Polymers 2020, 252, 117224 .

AMA Style

Irma Raihana Zahib, Paridah Md Tahir, Marina Talib, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Aisyah Humaira Alias, Seng Hua Lee. Effects of degree of substitution and irradiation doses on the properties of hydrogel prepared from carboxymethyl-sago starch and polyethylene glycol. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2020; 252 ():117224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irma Raihana Zahib; Paridah Md Tahir; Marina Talib; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Aisyah Humaira Alias; Seng Hua Lee. 2020. "Effects of degree of substitution and irradiation doses on the properties of hydrogel prepared from carboxymethyl-sago starch and polyethylene glycol." Carbohydrate Polymers 252, no. : 117224.

Chapter
Published: 08 September 2020 in Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science
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Owing to their versatility in a wide range of applications, polymer-based composite has become a popular material in replacing metal alloys. Incorporation of nanoparticles is one of the effective methods in enhancing the performance of the polymeric composite materials. Nanoclay (nC) is one of the prevalent reinforcing agents attributed to their weak Van Der Waals bonding between layers. The effects of the addition of nC on the properties of composite materials is highly dependent on various factors such as size, dispersity and loading of the nC. Also, there are many types of clay materials being used and they are classified based on the difference in their layered structure. Among them, montmorillonite (MMT) are the mostly used clay for polymeric composites, attributed to their superior cationic exchange capacity, greater surface area and aspect ratio. In this chapter, the effect of nC size, dispersion, loading, etc. towards the mechanical properties of composite materials were discussed. Their exceptional structure, morphology, and properties that lead to enhanced performances will be reviewed.

ACS Style

Lee Ching Hao; Lee Seng Hua; Lum Wei Chen; Khalina Abdan. Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Composite Materials. Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science 2020, 91 -111.

AMA Style

Lee Ching Hao, Lee Seng Hua, Lum Wei Chen, Khalina Abdan. Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Composite Materials. Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science. 2020; ():91-111.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lee Ching Hao; Lee Seng Hua; Lum Wei Chen; Khalina Abdan. 2020. "Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Composite Materials." Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science , no. : 91-111.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2020 in Polymers
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Mechanical strength, thermal conductivity and electrical breakdown of polypropylene/lignin/kenaf core fiber (PP/L/KCF) composite were studied. PP/L, PP/KCF and PP/L/KCF composites with different fiber and lignin loading was prepared using a compounding process. Pure PP was served as control. The results revealed that tensile and flexural properties of the PP/L/KCF was retained after addition of lignin and kenaf core fibers. Thermal stability of the PP composites improved compared to pure PP polymer. As for thermal conductivity, no significant difference was observed between PP composites and pure PP. However, PP/L/KCF composite has higher thermal diffusivity. All the PP composites produced are good insulating materials that are suitable for building. All PP composites passed withstand voltage test in air and oil state as stipulated in IEC 60641-3 except PP/L in oil state. SEM micrograph showed that better interaction and adhesion between polymer matrix, lignin and kenaf core fibers was observed and reflected on the better tensile strength recorded in PP/L/KCF composite. This study has successfully filled the gap of knowledge on using lignin and kenaf fibers as PP insulator composite materials. Therefore, it can be concluded that PP/Lignin/KCF has high potential as an insulating material.

ACS Style

Harmaen Ahmad Saffian; Mohd Aizam Talib; Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Ching Hao Lee; Hidayah Ariffin; Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite. Polymers 2020, 12, 1833 .

AMA Style

Harmaen Ahmad Saffian, Mohd Aizam Talib, Seng Hua Lee, Paridah Md Tahir, Ching Hao Lee, Hidayah Ariffin, Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite. Polymers. 2020; 12 (8):1833.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harmaen Ahmad Saffian; Mohd Aizam Talib; Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Ching Hao Lee; Hidayah Ariffin; Ainun Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’Ari. 2020. "Mechanical Strength, Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Breakdown of Kenaf Core Fiber/Lignin/Polypropylene Biocomposite." Polymers 12, no. 8: 1833.

Review
Published: 29 July 2020 in Polymers
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Citric acid (CA) can be found naturally in fruits and vegetables, particularly citrus fruit. CA is widely used in many fields but its usage as a green modifying agent and binder for wood is barely addressed. Esterification is one of the most common chemical reactions applied in wood modification. CA contains three carboxyl groups, making it possible to attain at least two esterification reactions that are required for crosslinking when reacting with the hydroxyl groups of the cell wall polymers. In addition, the reaction could form ester linkages to bring adhesivity and good bonding characteristics, and therefore CA could be used as wood binder too. This paper presents a review concerning the usage of CA as a wood modifying agent and binder. For wood modification, the reaction mechanism between wood and CA and the pros and cons of using CA are discussed. CA and its combination with various reactants and their respective optimum parameters are also compiled in this paper. As for the major wood bonding component, the bonding mechanism and types of wood composites bonded with CA are presented. The best working conditions for the CA in the fabrication of wood-based panels are discussed. In addition, the environmental impacts and future outlook of CA-treated wood and bonded composite are also considered.

ACS Style

Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Wei Chen Lum; Li Peng Tan; Paiman Bawon; Byung-Dae Park; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus; Ummi Hani Abdullah. A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood. Polymers 2020, 12, 1692 .

AMA Style

Seng Hua Lee, Paridah Md Tahir, Wei Chen Lum, Li Peng Tan, Paiman Bawon, Byung-Dae Park, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus, Ummi Hani Abdullah. A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood. Polymers. 2020; 12 (8):1692.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seng Hua Lee; Paridah Md Tahir; Wei Chen Lum; Li Peng Tan; Paiman Bawon; Byung-Dae Park; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al Edrus; Ummi Hani Abdullah. 2020. "A Review on Citric Acid as Green Modifying Agent and Binder for Wood." Polymers 12, no. 8: 1692.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in BioResources
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Particleboard was produced by mixing oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different ratios, with the goal of achieving high dimensional stability. Rubberwood particles were soaked in palm oil for 2 h and heat treated at 200 °C for 2 h. The treated particles were soaked in boiling water for 30 min to remove oil and were tested for chemical alteration and thermal characterization via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Particleboard was fabricated by mixing treated rubberwood particles (30%, 50%, and 70%) with untreated particles (70%, 50%, and 30%, respective to previous percentages) and bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The results revealed that oil-heat treated particles had greater thermal stability than the untreated particles. The addition of oil heat treated particles improved the physical properties of the particleboard with no significant reduction in mechanical strength. However, this was only valid for ratios of 70% untreated to 30% treated and 50% untreated to 50% treated. When a ratio of 70% oil heat treated particles was used, both the physical and mechanical properties were reduced drastically, due to bonding interference caused by excessive oil content. Particleboard made with a ratio of 5:5 (treated to untreated) exhibited the best physical and mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Nurul Fatiha Osman; Paimon Bawon; Seng Hua Lee; Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Eldrus; Juliana Abdul Halip; Muhamad Suriadi Mohd Atkhar. Characterization of particleboard made from oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different mixing ratios. BioResources 2020, 15, 1 .

AMA Style

Nurul Fatiha Osman, Paimon Bawon, Seng Hua Lee, Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Eldrus, Juliana Abdul Halip, Muhamad Suriadi Mohd Atkhar. Characterization of particleboard made from oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different mixing ratios. BioResources. 2020; 15 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurul Fatiha Osman; Paimon Bawon; Seng Hua Lee; Pakhriazad Hassan Zaki; Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Eldrus; Juliana Abdul Halip; Muhamad Suriadi Mohd Atkhar. 2020. "Characterization of particleboard made from oil heat-treated rubberwood particles at different mixing ratios." BioResources 15, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2020 in Sustainability
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In this study, the effect of superheated steam (SHS) treatment on the changes of the chemical composition and biological properties of two tropical hardwoods was investigated. SHS was carried out on light red meranti (Shorea spp.) and kedondong (Canarium spp.) wood with dimensions of 410 × 25 × 25 mm, using superheated steam as the heating medium. Wood samples were heat-treated at nine treatment levels, ranging from 172 to 228 °C and 95 to 265 min, respectively. The chemical constituents and resistance against white rot fungus (Pycnoporus sanguineus) and subterranean termite (Coptotermus curvignathus) of the treated wood were evaluated. A significant reduction in holocellulose content and increment in lignin was observed after SHS treatment. Consequently, the resistance against white rot fungus and termites improved. The biological durability improved with an increasing treatment temperature and time. A regression analysis revealed that the reduced equilibrium moisture content imparted superior biological resistance to the treated wood. Weight loss caused by the thermal degradation also served as a good indicator for fungal decay, as the loss of weight was directly proportional to the improvement in fungal resistance. However, this did not apply to termite resistance, as a very weak relationship was found between the two variables.

ACS Style

Rasdianah Dahali; Seng Hua Lee; Zaidon Ashaari; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Hidayah Ariffin; Pui San Khoo; Paiman Bawon; Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4431 .

AMA Style

Rasdianah Dahali, Seng Hua Lee, Zaidon Ashaari, Edi Suhaimi Bakar, Hidayah Ariffin, Pui San Khoo, Paiman Bawon, Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rasdianah Dahali; Seng Hua Lee; Zaidon Ashaari; Edi Suhaimi Bakar; Hidayah Ariffin; Pui San Khoo; Paiman Bawon; Qamariah Norhidayah Salleh. 2020. "Durability of Superheated Steam-Treated Light Red Meranti (Shorea spp.) and Kedondong (Canarium spp.) Wood against White Rot Fungus and Subterranean Termite." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4431.