This research investigated the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by titanium dioxide nanoparticles immobilized on a glass plate in an aqueous solution. The important point about this process is immobilization on glass plate, which resolves difficulties related to separation of catalysts from the solution in the application of sole nanoparticles as well as reusability of nanoparticles. Application of nanoparticles without immobilization on a support medium causes toxic effects in aqueous solutions, which was fixed through immobilization on a glass plate in this study. In this research, 1 gL⁻¹ of TiO₂ was immobilized on a glass plate. XRD and SEM indicated that the TiO₂ immobilized on the glass plate was highly pure and uniform in size (39.2–74.9 nm). The maximum ciprofloxacin removal efficiency from the synthetic aqueous solution was obtained at the optimal pH of 5, contact time of 105 min, and ciprofloxacin initial concentration of 3 mgL⁻¹. The extent of ciprofloxacin removed under optimal conditions was obtained as 92.81% and 86.57% from the synthetic and real samples, respectively. Evaluation of linear models of kinetics and adsorption isotherms indicated that the data followed pseudo-first-order kinetics as well as Langmuir–Hinshelwood and Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on TiO₂ nanoparticles immobilized on glass plate is an endothermic and physical process. Considering the high efficiency of this process under real conditions, it can be used for the removal of resistant pollutants from industrial wastewater.

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is considered as a biological resistant pollutant. The CoFe₂O₄/Activated carbon@Chitosan (CoFe₂O₄/AC@Ch) prepared as a new magnetic nanobiocomposite and used for adsorption of CIP. CoFe₂O₄/AC@Ch was characterized by FTIR, FESEM, EDS, XRD, VSM, and BET surface area measurements. The pH_ZPC value of the nanobiocomposite was estimated to be 6.4 by solid addition method. The prepared magnetic nanobiocomposites can be separated easily from water by an external magnet and reused. The effect of CIP concentration (10–30 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (12–100 mg/L), contact time (5–30 min) and pH (3–11) as independent variables on ciprofloxacin removal efficiency was evaluated. Optimum conditions were obtained in CIP concentration: 10 mg/L, adsorbent dosage: 100 mg/L, contact time: 15 min and pH: 5. In this condition, maximum CIP removal was obtained as 93.5%. The kinetic and isotherm equations showed that the process of adsorption followed the pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm. The results indicate that the prepared magnetic nanobiocomposite can be used as good adsorbent for the removal of CIP from aqueous solution and can be also recycled.

Herein, magnetically separable CuFe₂O₄@methyl cellulose (MC) as a novel magnetic nanobiocomposite photocatalyst was synthesized with a facile, rapid, green, and new microwave-assisted method. After that, CuFe₂O₄@MC was characterized with FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and VSM techniques. To measure CuFe₂O₄@MC photocatalytic activity, ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal ability of CuFe₂O₄@MC was investigated under the conditions such as initial CIP concentrations (3, 5, 7, and 9 mg/L), pHs (3, 7, and 11), photocatalyst loadings (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g), and irradiation time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min). Kinetic process was evaluated with the pseudo-first order and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood models. CIP concentration was measured with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The maximum CIP removal efficiency in the optimal conditions which contained pH = 7, CIP initial concentration of 3 mg/L, photocatalyst loading of 0.2 g, and at irradiation time 90 min was achieved 72.87 % and 80.74 % from real and synthetic samples, respectively. Also, COD removal efficiency in the optimal conditions was achieved 68.26 %. Furthermore, the CuFe₂O₄@MC reusability and chemical stability were examined and 73.78 % of CIP was degraded after the fourth cycle. Advantages of this technique were as follows: •CuFe₂O₄@MC as a new nanobiomagnetic photocatalyst was synthesized with a facile, fast, and green method and were characterized with FESEM, EDS, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and VSM techniques.•Ferromagnetic property and pure-phase spinel ferrites of CuFe₂O₄@MC were confirmed and significant photocatalytic activity of CuFe₂O₄@MC was observed.•Easily gathering, reusability and good chemical stability were interests of this nanobiomagnetic photocatalyst.