Chlorfenapyr (CFP) is a widely used pesticide associated with nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study investigated the protective effects of limonene (LM) and its nano-liposomal formulation (LM-LNPs) against CFP-induced renal injury in rats. Animals were divided into six groups—control, LM, LM-LNPs, CFP, CFP + LM, and CFP + LM-LNPs—and treated orally for 30 days. CFP exposure resulted in marked renal dysfunction, histopathological and ultrastructural damage, suppression of the NRF2/HO-1/NQO1 antioxidant pathway, depletion of endogenous antioxidants excessive generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, lipid peroxidation products, and DNA damage. These changes were accompanied by activation of NF-κB/COX-2-mediated inflammation, mitochondrial respiratory impairment, disrupted energy metabolism, and induction of apoptosis. Co-treatment with LM significantly ameliorated these alterations, whereas LM-LNPs produced greater improvements in renal function, tissue architecture, redox homeostasis, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory and apoptotic signaling. Immunohistochemical analyses further confirmed enhanced NRF2 expression and reduced NF-κB immunoreactivity in LM-LNP-treated kidneys. Overall, nano-liposomal delivery enhanced the renoprotective efficacy of limonene, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy against pesticide-induced kidney injury.

Background: DNA methylation (DNAm) is a biochemical modification which occurs over the lifespan of an individual and it is a substantial constituent in the aging process. The degree of methylation was significantly related to age. So far, the ELOVL2 locus has been the most thoroughly studied age marker. This locus has been demonstrated to be reliable in ancient and fresh human bloodstains, which constitute a major source of DNA in forensic laboratories. Aim of work: The current study aimed to assess the use of DNA methylation on the ELOVL2 gene from blood samples as biomarkers for chronological age estimation using pyrosequencing in Egypt. Material and methods: 80 whole blood samples from individuals aged 18-96 years divided into 4 groups were analysed using a DNA methylation quantification assay based on bisulphite conversion and DNA pyrosequencing of 7 CpG sites in the ELOVL2. Our results display significantly strong correlation between DNAm and chronological age; the model supporting DNAm as a strong age predictor. The age prediction accuracy was most accurate in age group III (40-49 y) and was least accurate in age group IV of the elderly individuals (50-69 y) on choosing1, 2.5-, and 5-years as difference threshold.