Dijital yorgunluk, fiziksel, psikolojik ve zihinsel yorgunluk ve kişiler arası ilişkiler de dahil olmak üzere insanların yaşamlarını olumsuz etkileyen bilgi çağına özgü bir yorgunluk biçimidir. Bu çalışmada geliştirilen Dijital Yorgunluk Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması, dijital teknolojiyi yoğun olarak kullananların dijital yorgunluk algılarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde, dijital yorgunluğun ortak temalarını, dijital yorgunluğa neden olan faktörleri ve ilişkili sonuçları belirlemek için literatürün sistematik ve derinlemesine incelemesi yapılmış ve katılımcılarla görüşmeler yapılarak madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra dijital yorgunluğun altında yatan boyutları belirlemek amacıyla keşfedici faktör analizi yapılarak, birbiriyle örtüşen maddelerin çıkarılmasıyla ölçeğin iyileştirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Faktör Analizi; Dijital Bağımlılık, psikolojik yorgunluk, Fiziksel-Zihinsel Yorgunluk ve Psikosomatik Sorunlar gibi dijital yorgunluğun farklı yönlerini temsil eden dört faktörden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra belirlenen faktör yapısının istikrarını değerlendirmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını değerlendirmek için Cronbach's alpha güvenilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler ölçeğin Cronbach alfa katsayısının yüksek iç tutarlılığa (0,957) sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Ölçek skorları geliştirilen ölçeğin araştırmacılar ve uygulayıcılar için dijital yorgunluğu ölçmek için güvenilir ve geçerliliği yüksek bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.

Climate changes prompt salt, cold, and drought stresses especially during early crop growth stages. The damages during germination in wheat may even destroy whole crop. Here, 12 bread and 10 einkorn wheats entries were distressed under salt, cold and drought. Germination rate and germination power, coleoptile, shoot length, root length, shoot to root length ratio, root fresh and dry weight and root fresh to dry weight ratio were quantified under six salt, cold, drought stresses and one control. After ANOVA and LSD discriminated the entries, stress tolerance indices differentiated six tolerant and six susceptible entries. MANOVA, Pillai’s Trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests finalized the stress testing. Shoot and root length, root fresh and dry weight highly differed under salt, cold and drought. Bayraktar-2000 well tolerated salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Gerek-79 salt, salt-drought, salt-cold-drought; Momtchil salt, cold and salt-cold-drought; İkizce-96 salt, drought and salt-drought. Einkorn Population 14 was susceptible to all stresses except cold and salt-cold; Population 15 to salt, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought; Population 11 to salt, drought, salt-drought and salt-cold-drought. These stresses sharply decreased shoot and root length, root fresh and root dry weight. The higher % decreases under salt, cold and drought were in shoot (59.72, 63.25 and 23.17) and root length (32.91, 51.77 and 34.69), root fresh (44.32, 49.11 and 38.88) and root dry weight (21.63, 42.14 and 41.97). Moreover, Pillai’s trace and Wilks’ Lambda tests differentiated both characters and entries (P < 0.01). In conclusion, Momtchil, Gerek-79, Bayraktar-2000, Populations 5, 6, and 1 are well endorsed against triple seedling stresses.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to reveal food waste patterns and the economic-environmental impacts of these patterns based on differences between countries at the global level, category-based and country-comparative data were examined using multivariate quantitative analysis techniques. Design/methodology/approach: A panel dataset with a total of 4,997 observations was used in the study. The main variables include food waste per capita, total amount of waste, population size, household waste rate, and economic loss. The stationarity of the series was evaluated with the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test; the first difference was applied to the non-stationary series. Granger causality tests were used between the variables whose stationarity was achieved, and directional effects and simultaneous relationships were analyzed. Findings: The analysis revealed that food waste per capita significantly affects economic losses. In addition, increases in the total amount of waste also increase economic losses. While population growth significantly affects both total waste and financial loss, changes in household waste rate were found to be determinant of these two variables. Directional causality and simultaneous relationships were significant in all variable pairs. Research limitations/implications: There are some limitations to the study. The study focused only on economic variables and excluded social and cultural factors. The data covered eight years, and the dynamics of change beyond this period could not be analyzed. In addition, the number of observations was limited due to a lack of data in some countries. Although the data sources are reliable, unregistered consumption or lack of waste reporting in some countries may have affected the analyses. Although the Granger test applied shows the direction of causality, it does not fully explain the cause of the relationship. The variables used in the model reflect only the quantitative aspect of waste; qualitative dimensions are ignored. In future studies, including demographic, cultural, and governance variables may expand the scope of the analysis. In addition, the effects of individual consumption behaviors and psychological factors should be examined in more detail. Practical implications: The model dynamically reveals the relationship between consumption habits and economic losses, creating a strong basis for forward-looking policy interventions. The necessity of developing strategies to reduce food waste, especially in developing countries, with increasing population pressure, has been demonstrated. The main intervention areas suggested for policymakers can be household awareness programs, improvement of waste measurement systems, and tax incentives to reduce unregistered consumption. Social implications: The study shows that global food waste should be evaluated as an anti-sustainability trend. This trend is seen to disrupt not only the environment but also economic balances at national and global levels. Originality/value: The study offers new perspectives in the context of sustainable consumption theory and the environmental justice approach. Empirical study presents new findings about food waste impact on economic losses. While population growth significantly affects both total waste and financial loss, changes in household waste rate were found to be determinant of these two variables. Directional causality and simultaneous relationships were significant in all variable pairs.

This study investigates the effects of migration to Turkey between 2004 and 2024 on macroeconomic indicators such as growth, unemployment, and inflation. Turkey, which has experienced significant migration waves throughout history due to its geopolitical location, has hosted millions of migrants, especially since the Syrian civil war began in 2011. The data used in this research were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), the World Bank, the Presidency of Migration Management, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The findings of the analysis show that there is a bidirectional causality between migration and economic growth and that there is a bidirectional effect based on low wages and informal work in the employment market. The research findings also show that migrant labor suppresses wages and increases unemployment, and the informal economy expands, thus limiting growth in the long term. Although the inflation effect has increased demand pressure through migrants' basic needs, it is understood that this situation is mainly due to market imbalances. The research findings also found that migration significantly impacts Turkey's macroeconomic indicators.