Ceramics and bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite and zirconium, are used in bone tissue engineering. Hydroxyapatite has chemical properties similar to bone while zirconium offers suitable mechanical properties. The aim of this article is to evaluate the ability to support cell growth and osteoblastic mineralization of hydroxyapatite-zirconium obtained by a new system based on different low temperatures, such as 873 K (HZ600), 923 K (HZ650) and 973 K (HZ700). Hydroxyapatite-zirconia obtained by this new system was examined in terms of thermogravimetric features and x-ray diffractograms. Furthermore, the ability for supporting osteoblast growth and mineralization were analyzed. By x-ray diffraction analysis, we clearly demonstrated that no high-temperature processing was required. Moreover, it is possible to form tetragonal-zirconium at 923 K. Proliferation assays showed that osteoblast growth was not influenced by any of the composite evaluated. Regarding the osteogenic marker Col1, a 2-fold increase in expression was observed for HZ650 compared to HZ600 and HZ700. Interestingly, osteoblasts grown on HZ650 showed globular accretions covered with collagen bundles and calcium-rich extracellular matrix whereas HZ600 and HZ700 showed no phosphate or calcium deposits. This study demonstrated that at 923 K it is possible to generate stable tetragonal-zirconium and the resulting HZ650 composite is able to promote a suitable osteoblast mineralization process.

The aeronautical sector is strategically important for the economic development of Mexico and has grown steadily over the last 10 years. Furthermore, it generates high added value for its products. In Mexico, the aircraft manufacturing sector mainly focuses on the fabrication of heat exchangers, seals, fuel ducts, and engine support rings. Currently, this sector is not involved in the manufacture of engine hot section components such as combustion chambers and turbine blades. Estimation of the associated costs enables assessment of the feasibility of fabricating such components. This study investigates the feasibility of establishing production lines for aeronautical combustion chamber fabrication in factories dedicated to the manufacture of aeronautical gas turbine engines

Aerospace applications experience electromagnetic interference produced by the space environment and by the materials, devices, and systems used in satellites, space shuttles, the international space station, and airplanes. The advanced materials represent a technological possibility to develop coatings that are able to offer a better shielding effectiveness against electromagnetic interference due to the possibility of controlling its electrical and magnetic properties as well as to that the size of the materials is very similar to the electromagnetic waves that it receives. In this chapter, an analysis of progress over advanced materials is presented with the aim of diffusing the role that nanomaterials have had, have and will have to increase the shielding to electromagnetic interference. Nanomaterials will protect aerospace components in the range of Hz to THz, but the huge advantage is that the range of protection can be optimized according to the technical requirements with a considerable weight reduction.