To investigate the relationship of the patient's criteria of successful treatment to emotional factors in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Patients who visited our outpatient hospital due to chronic musculoskeletal pain were evaluated using a questionnaire survey. Patients were evaluated with the Patient-Centered Outcomes Questionnaire (PCOQ) to investigate their expectation and criteria for success regarding treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to check for psychological variables. Correlations among each of the variables were evaluated statistically. Patients with higher levels of depression and anxiety needed larger improvements to consider the treatment as a success in the pain domain (depression, r=0.398, p=0.04; anxiety, r=0.447, p=0.02) and emotional distress domain (depression, r=0.617, p=0.001; anxiety, r=0.415, p=0.03), but had lower level of expectation of the treatment in the pain domain (depression, r=-0.427, p=0.01; anxiety, r=-0.441, p=0.004), emotional distress domain (depression, r=-0.454, p=0.01; anxiety, r=-0.395, p=0.04), and interference of daily activities domain (depression, r=-0.474, p=0.01; anxiety, r=-0.396, p=0.04). Patients were classified into 3 clusters based on the importance rating of each domain via a hierarchical analysis. The cluster of the patients with the higher rating of importance across all domains (importance of pain domain, 9.54; fatigue domain, 9.08; emotional distress domain, 9.23; interference of daily activities domain, 9.23) had the highest level of depression and anxiety. Consideration of psychological factors, especially in patients who require larger improvements in all treatment domains, may be helpful for the successful treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Background: Wearable powered gait orthoses offer a clinically flexible alternative to treadmill-based robotic systems, yet evidence on different device configurations matched to the site of neuromuscular impairment remains limited. Methods: In this multicenter prospective pilot study, 75 participants with neurological gait impairment were allocated to a hip orthosis (HO; n = 39) or a knee–ankle–foot orthosis (KAFO; n = 36) group based on clinical assessment of predominant gait pattern. Both groups completed six overground gait-training sessions over three weeks. Primary outcomes were the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Ten-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), assessed without (WO) and with (WITH) the device. Secondary outcomes were the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), all assessed without the device. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for pre-to-post comparisons. Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in primary walking outcomes, with consistent gains in unassisted (WO) 6MWT and 10MWT performance across groups and in device-assisted (WITH) 10MWT speed; the one exception was a small statistically significant but clinically negligible decrease in device-assisted 6MWT in the KAFO group (−4.1 m, below established MCID). In the KAFO group, BBS improved by a median of 5.5 points (43.5 to 49.0, p = 0.0005), TUG decreased by 5.1 s (p < 0.001), and DGI improved by 6.0 points (p = 0.002); all three changes exceeded published minimum detectable change thresholds. In the HO group, pre-to-post differences in BBS (+1.0), TUG (+0.8 s; an unfavorable direction), and DGI (−2.0; an unfavorable direction) were statistically detectable but small in absolute magnitude, fell at or below published thresholds for minimum detectable change, and should not be interpreted as clinically meaningful improvement. The WO-WITH performance gap in the KAFO group narrowed substantially after training, with 10MWT time no longer differing significantly between conditions at post-training (p = 0.116). Conclusions: Six sessions of gait pattern-matched powered gait orthosis training produced clinically meaningful within-group improvements in walking outcomes in both groups. In the KAFO group, balance and functional mobility outcomes also showed clinically meaningful improvements; in the HO group, balance and functional mobility outcomes showed only statistically detectable but clinically non-meaningful fluctuations around near-ceiling baseline scores. Walking benefits generalized to unassisted ambulation in both groups. These findings support the feasibility of an individualized orthosis prescription framework and provide a basis for future randomized controlled trials.

Background/Objectives: Wearable powered gait orthoses are prescribed as assistive equipment, on the premise that torque at an impaired joint improves walking while the device is worn; the device also adds mass. Where a hip module and a knee–ankle–foot module can be worn together, the combined configuration places the mass of both on one limb, and whether its walking cost exceeds that of either module alone has not been tested under a common protocol. Methods: We analysed individual participant data from two previously published prospective studies, neither of which compared configurations. Forty-three adults with central neurological gait impairment, enrolled during 2024, were trained over six supervised sessions with a bilateral hip orthosis (HO, n = 13), a unilateral knee–ankle–foot orthosis (KAFO, n = 15), or both worn together (HKAFO, n = 15); the primary 6MWT analysis was performed on the complete-case subsample (n = 41, with HO n = 12, KAFO n = 14, HKAFO n = 15). The assisted–unassisted differential was computed per participant as (device-assisted − unassisted)/unassisted × 100; negative values indicate a shorter distance with the device. Results: No statistically significant baseline differences were detected across the three groups. The six-minute walk differential was larger for the HKAFO than for either single-region configuration at baseline (−24.9% versus −6.0% and −7.6%; Kruskal–Wallis p = 0.008) and after six sessions (−17.1% versus −5.9% and −4.3%; p = 0.012), whereas the two single-region configurations were indistinguishable at both assessments (p = 0.397 and 0.916). Short-distance gait speed did not differ between configurations (p = 0.290 and 0.457). Conclusions: The walking cost of the combined configuration was associated with a larger assisted–unassisted differential than that of either constituent module. We propose that this reflects the mass carried on a single limb rather than a shortfall in assistance, a reading these data support but cannot establish in the absence of kinematic or metabolic measurements. These findings should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and require prospective replication in a larger, adequately powered cohort.