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Poor air quality has been identified as one of the main risks to human health, especially in developing regions, where the information on physical chemical properties of air pollutants is lacking. To bridge this gap, we conducted an intensive measurement campaign in Manila, Philippines to determine the emission factors (EFs) of particle number (PN) and equivalent black carbon (BC). The focus was on public utility jeepneys (PUJ), equipped with old technology diesel engines, widely used for public transportation. The EFs were determined by aerosol physical measurements, fleet information, and modeled dilution using the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM). The results show that average vehicle EFs of PN and BC in Manila is up to two orders of magnitude higher than European emission standards. Furthermore, a PUJ emits up to seven times more than a light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and contribute to more than 60% of BC emission in Manila. Unfortunately, traffic restrictions for heavy-duty vehicles do not apply to PUJs. The results presented in this work provide a framework to help support targeted traffic interventions to improve urban air quality not only in Manila, but also in other countries with a similar fleet composed of old-technology vehicles.
Leizel Madueño; Simonas Kecorius; Wolfram Birmili; Thomas Müller; James Simpas; Edgar Vallar; Maria Cecilia Galvez; Mylene Cayetano; Alfred Wiedensohler. Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 603 .
AMA StyleLeizel Madueño, Simonas Kecorius, Wolfram Birmili, Thomas Müller, James Simpas, Edgar Vallar, Maria Cecilia Galvez, Mylene Cayetano, Alfred Wiedensohler. Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines. Atmosphere. 2019; 10 (10):603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeizel Madueño; Simonas Kecorius; Wolfram Birmili; Thomas Müller; James Simpas; Edgar Vallar; Maria Cecilia Galvez; Mylene Cayetano; Alfred Wiedensohler. 2019. "Aerosol Particle and Black Carbon Emission Factors of Vehicular Fleet in Manila, Philippines." Atmosphere 10, no. 10: 603.
The effect of urbanization of Metro Manila, particularly on the amount of sensible heat flux, rainfall and temperature of selected urban and rural areas, was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Version 3.4.1 (WRFV3.4.1) model. National Center for Environmental Prediction - Final (NCEP-FNL) grib1 data from 2000 to 2010 were used as inputs into the model for meteorological data. The Mann–Kendall trend test (M–K test) was utilized to verify the significance of the trends while Sen’s slope estimator was used to quantify the measured trends. Results showed that, on average, the sensible heat flux of Metro Manila is about 1.5 × 108 Jm−2 higher than in selected areas outside Metro Manila. The occurrence of an urban heat island (UHI) effect was detected in Metro Manila by comparing the difference in the minimum and maximum temperatures. For the selected urban and rural areas, the minimum and maximum temperature differences (relative to Metro Manila) are around 0.4 to 2.4 °C and 0.83 to 2.3 °C, respectively. Metro Manila recorded higher 11-year average values of rainfall during the summer season (8% to 64%), rainy season (15% to 305%), and transition season (8% to 232%) when compared with selected areas from 25 to 100 km from Manila. These results show that the sensible heat flux, temperature and rainfall in Metro Manila is affected by Metro Manila’s urbanization.
Jervie M. Oliveros; Edgar A. Vallar; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. Investigating the Effect of Urbanization on Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: A Case of Metro Manila, Philippines. Environments 2019, 6, 10 .
AMA StyleJervie M. Oliveros, Edgar A. Vallar, Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. Investigating the Effect of Urbanization on Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: A Case of Metro Manila, Philippines. Environments. 2019; 6 (2):10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJervie M. Oliveros; Edgar A. Vallar; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. 2019. "Investigating the Effect of Urbanization on Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model: A Case of Metro Manila, Philippines." Environments 6, no. 2: 10.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the disparities in social awareness and use of the internet between urban and rural school children in the North of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach A total of 525 pupils, aged 9-11 years old, randomly selected from seven urban and rural schools, who are internet users, participated in the study and consented to responding to a questionnaire adapted from an equivalent European Union study. A comparative statistical analysis of the responses was then carried out, using IBM SPSS v21, which consisted of a descriptive analysis, an identification of personal self-development opportunities, as well as issues related to pupils’ digital prowess and knowledge of internet use and internet safety, including parental engagement in their offspring’s online activities. Findings The study highlights the fact that children from both the urban and rural regions of the North of Vietnam mostly access the internet from home, but with more children in the urbanized areas accessing it at school than their rural counterparts. Although children from the rural areas scored lower on all the internet indicators, such as digital access and online personal experience and awareness, there was no disparity in awareness of internet risks between the two sub-samples. It is noteworthy that there was no statistically significant gender difference towards online activities that support self-development. In relation to safe internet usage, children are likely to seek advice from their parents, rather than through teachers or friends. However, they are not yet provided with an effective safety net while exposing themselves to the digital world. Originality/value Although the Vietnamese national curriculum on the computer science subject does not explicitly cover the use of the internet and its related aspects, the majority of children who took part in this study claimed to have used the internet in their learning activities. This emphasises the urgent need for the Ministry of Education and educators in the country to not only improve information and communication technology facilities in schools, but also to revise the computer science curriculum in order to provide a supportive environment for learning development and collectively advocate the dynamics of internet use in order to ensure safe access and use by the children.
Quynh Nguyen; Raouf N.G. Naguib; Ashish K. Das; Michail Papathomas; Edgar A. Vallar; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Gil Nonato Santos; Maria Cecilia Galvez; Viet Anh Nguyen. Primary education in Vietnam and pupil online engagement. International Journal of Educational Management 2018, 32, 71 -83.
AMA StyleQuynh Nguyen, Raouf N.G. Naguib, Ashish K. Das, Michail Papathomas, Edgar A. Vallar, Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Gil Nonato Santos, Maria Cecilia Galvez, Viet Anh Nguyen. Primary education in Vietnam and pupil online engagement. International Journal of Educational Management. 2018; 32 (1):71-83.
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuynh Nguyen; Raouf N.G. Naguib; Ashish K. Das; Michail Papathomas; Edgar A. Vallar; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Gil Nonato Santos; Maria Cecilia Galvez; Viet Anh Nguyen. 2018. "Primary education in Vietnam and pupil online engagement." International Journal of Educational Management 32, no. 1: 71-83.
Bangalore is one of India's fastest growing metropolises and, although benefiting economically due to its fast development, has a rapidly deteriorating environment. This paper provides a critical analysis of the air pollution trend in the city over the period 2006-2013 at six specific locations where measurements have been consistently recorded. It also discusses the potential health implications pertaining to exceeding levels of pollutants where these are applicable. In order to attain informed decisions on the protection of the health of populations from elevated levels of air pollution, an understanding of spatial-temporal variance of air pollutant patterns is necessary. The study highlights the fact that Bangalore and other similar developing cities do not have an adequate number of fixed monitoring stations that could provide a complete coverage of the air pollution levels for the entire city. It is suggested that this can be overcome by using geospatial interpolation techniques that provide a complete coverage of the levels of pollutants, as well as assist in mapping health characteristics of the population, in order to reach evidence-based decisions and target effective interventions.
Anitha K. Chinnaswamy; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez; Hewa Balisane; Quynh Nguyen; Raouf Naguib; Nigel Trodd; Ian M. Marshall; Norlaily Yaacob; Gil Nonato C. Santos; Edgar A. Vallar; Mohyi Shaker; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Tuan Nghia Ton. Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 2016, 19, 177 .
AMA StyleAnitha K. Chinnaswamy, Maria Cecilia D. Galvez, Hewa Balisane, Quynh Nguyen, Raouf Naguib, Nigel Trodd, Ian M. Marshall, Norlaily Yaacob, Gil Nonato C. Santos, Edgar A. Vallar, Mohyi Shaker, Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Tuan Nghia Ton. Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. 2016; 19 (3/4):177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnitha K. Chinnaswamy; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez; Hewa Balisane; Quynh Nguyen; Raouf Naguib; Nigel Trodd; Ian M. Marshall; Norlaily Yaacob; Gil Nonato C. Santos; Edgar A. Vallar; Mohyi Shaker; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Tuan Nghia Ton. 2016. "Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 19, no. 3/4: 177.
Bangalore is one of India's fastest growing metropolises and, although benefiting economically due to its fast development, has a rapidly deteriorating environment. This paper provides a critical analysis of the air pollution trend in the city over the period 2006-2013 at six specific locations where measurements have been consistently recorded. It also discusses the potential health implications pertaining to exceeding levels of pollutants where these are applicable. In order to attain informed decisions on the protection of the health of populations from elevated levels of air pollution, an understanding of spatial-temporal variance of air pollutant patterns is necessary. The study highlights the fact that Bangalore and other similar developing cities do not have an adequate number of fixed monitoring stations that could provide a complete coverage of the air pollution levels for the entire city. It is suggested that this can be overcome by using geospatial interpolation techniques that provide a complete coverage of the levels of pollutants, as well as assist in mapping health characteristics of the population, in order to reach evidence-based decisions and target effective interventions.
Tuan Nghia Ton; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Mohyi Shaker; Edgar A. Vallar; Gil Nonato C. Santos; Norlaily Yaacob; Ian M. Marshall; Raouf N.G. Naguib; Nigel Trodd; Hewa Balisane; Quynh T. Nguyen; Anitha Chinnaswamy; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 2016, 19, 177 .
AMA StyleTuan Nghia Ton, Nilmini Wickramasinghe, Mohyi Shaker, Edgar A. Vallar, Gil Nonato C. Santos, Norlaily Yaacob, Ian M. Marshall, Raouf N.G. Naguib, Nigel Trodd, Hewa Balisane, Quynh T. Nguyen, Anitha Chinnaswamy, Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management. 2016; 19 (3/4):177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuan Nghia Ton; Nilmini Wickramasinghe; Mohyi Shaker; Edgar A. Vallar; Gil Nonato C. Santos; Norlaily Yaacob; Ian M. Marshall; Raouf N.G. Naguib; Nigel Trodd; Hewa Balisane; Quynh T. Nguyen; Anitha Chinnaswamy; Maria Cecilia D. Galvez. 2016. "Air pollution in Bangalore, India: an eight-year trend analysis." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 19, no. 3/4: 177.